Recently,the creation of new heterogeneous catalysts using the unique electronic/geometric structures of small metal nanoclusters (NCs) has received considerable attention. However,t oa chieve this,i ti se xtremely important to establish methods to remove the ligands from ligand-protected metal NCs while preventing the aggregation of metal NCs.I nt his study,t he ligand-desorption process during calcination was followed for metal-oxide-supported 2-phenylethanethiolateprotected gold (Au) 25-atom metal NCs using five experimental techniques.The results clearly demonstrate that the liganddesorption process consists of ligand dissociation on the surface of the metal NCs,a dsorption of the generated compounds on the support and desorption of the compounds from the support, and the temperatures at which these processes occurred were elucidated. Based on the obtained knowledge,w ee stablished am ethod to form am etal-oxide layer on the surface of Au NCs while preventing their aggregation, therebys ucceeding in creating aw ater-splitting photocatalyst with high activity and stability.