Golgi Structure and Function in Health, Stress, and Diseases

Abstract

The Golgi apparatus is a central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids. To best perform these functions, Golgi membranes form a unique stacked structure. The Golgi structure is dynamic but tightly regulated; it undergoes rapid disassembly and reassembly during the cell cycle of mammalian cells and is disrupted under certain stress and pathological conditions. In the past decade, significant amount of effort has been made to reveal the molecular mechanisms that regulate the Golgi membrane architecture and function. Here we review the major discoveries in the mechanisms of Golgi structure formation, regulation, and alteration in relation to its functions in physiological and pathological conditions to further our understanding of Golgi structure and function in health and diseases.

New Insights Into the Golgi Stacking Proteins

“…These new findings reveal novel roles for GRASPs in cellular activities outside of the Golgi. While some of these findings have been recently reviewed elsewhere (Li et al, 2019a), several key advances are discussed below in detail.…”

Cytosolic Ca2+ Modulates Golgi Structure Through PKCα-Mediated GRASP55 Phosphorylation

“…Expression of non-phosphorylatable GRASP65 mutants enhances Golgi stacking in interphase and inhibits Golgi disassembly in mitosis . Because GRASPs play critical roles in Golgi structure formation, it is reasonable to speculate that physiological and pathological cues may trigger Golgi fragmentation through GRASP55/65 modification, such as phosphorylation (Ahat et al, 2019a;Li et al, 2019a). Using GRASPs as tools to manipulate Golgi stack formation, it has been demonstrated that Golgi cisternal unstacking accelerates protein trafficking but impairs accurate glycosylation and sorting (Bekier et al, 2017;Xiang et al, 2013).…”

Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) regulates Golgi stress and attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury through hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/HO-1 signaling pathway

“…The Golgi apparatus is one of the most complicated organelles in the cells. More and more researches are focused on the morphology and function changes of Golgi in some oxidative stress related diseases[ 1 , 5 , 6 ]. However, the molecular mechanisms and its relative physiological functions of the Golgi stress has not been clarified.…”

“…It has been demonstrated that Golgi complex is relevant to the ion homeostasis, cell apoptosis, antioxidation, and stress sensing[ 4 ]. The integrated structure and steady function of Golgi apparatus could be impaired under oxidative stress, DNA damage and pro-apoptotic conditions, which may even induce Golgi fragmentation and cell apoptosis[ 5 , 6 ]. Therefore, the Golgi complex has become a new candidate for the research and therapy about oxidative stress-associated diseases.…”