Gonadal Exposure Dose from Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures

Feldman, Alexandra; Babcock, George C.; Lanier, Raymond R.; Morkovin, Dimitry

doi:10.1097/00043764-195902000-00067

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Prior to about 1970, x-ray measurement data, techniques, or beam port information may not be available to estimate the collimation of the x-ray beam. Several papers in the literature have considered the effects of cone size and centering on the organ dose, and concluded that filtration, kVp, and the smallest possible cone size were most important to reduce these doses (Feldman et al 1958). Due to the reported variation in the literature and measurement data on the effects of collimation, it is claimant favorable to assume minimal or no additional external collimation was used when measurement data, technique, or other information to describe the collimation are not available for x-ray procedures performed prior to 1970.…”

Section: 32mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section 5 Acronyms and Abbreviations

Gordon¹,

Lawton²

2004

Dictionary of British Education

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Section: 32mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section 5 Acronyms and Abbreviations

Gordon¹,

Lawton²

2004

Dictionary of British Education

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“…We do not believe it is practical to expect "cone cuts'' on all films at the present time. Rather unexpected vagaries have been found even in some variable aperture eollimators, for ex¬ ample, nonuniform fields in which the intensity falls off at different rates in different directions (14). The effects of local shielding, when used, would also be extremely difficult to predict ac¬ curately.…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Findings of a Survey of X-Ray Units: Oregon's Radiological Health Program

Stahl¹,

Sullivan²,

Wagstaff³

1960

Public Health Reports (1896-1970)

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AFIELD survey of X-ray units used by all types of practitioners for diagnostic work was made in Oregon during 1958 and 1959 as part of the State's recently developed radio¬ logical health program. Results of this survey, along with a summary of the efficacy of steps that can be taken to protect the population from unnecessary exposure, are presented in this paper. Administrative and technical details of

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“…6 Gonadal shielding was believed to reduce dose to the male gonads by 98% in the early 1950s when limited additional beam filtration was used and 94% to 96% in the latter half of the 1950s when 'standard' beam filtration was adopted. 2,7 Due to technical improvements, current clinical radiation doses without gonadal shielding have been estimated to be less than 5% of the values 7 decades ago. 8 In 2018, K a,e values were reported in a European survey of abdominal X-rays of adults of 0.8 AE 0.5 mGy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first half of the 1950s the entrance surface air kerma with backscatter (K a,e ) for an anterior‐posterior (AP) radiograph of the adult abdomen or pelvis was 11.5 or 9.5 mGy, respectively, 5 and 1.4 mGy for an infant 6 . Gonadal shielding was believed to reduce dose to the male gonads by 98% in the early 1950s when limited additional beam filtration was used and 94% to 96% in the latter half of the 1950s when ‘standard’ beam filtration was adopted 2,7 . Due to technical improvements, current clinical radiation doses without gonadal shielding have been estimated to be less than 5% of the values 7 decades ago 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achievable dose reductions with gonadal shielding for children and adults during abdominal/pelvic radiographic examinations: A Monte Carlo simulation

2020

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Purpose Recently, medical professionals have reconsidered the practice of routine gonadal shielding for radiographic examinations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gonadal dose reduction achievable with gonadal shields in the primary beam during abdominal/pelvic radiographic examinations under ideal and non‐ideal shielding placement. Methods CT scans of CIRS anthropomorphic phantoms were used to perform voxelized Monte Carlo simulations of the photon transport during abdominal/pelvic radiographic examinations with standard filtration and 0.1 mm Cu + 1 mm Al added filtration to estimate gonadal doses for an adult, 5 yr old, and newborn phantom with and without gonadal shields. The reduction in dose when the shields were not placed at the ideal locations was also evaluated. The ratio of the number of scattered‐to‐primary photons (SPR) across the anteroposterior (AP) dimension of the phantoms was also reported. Results The simulated dose reduction with ideal shielding placement for the testes and ovaries ranged from 80% to 90% and 55% to 70% respectively. For children, a misalignment of the shield to the gonad of 4 cm reduced the measured dose reduction to the gonads to <10%. For adults, this effect did not occur until the misalignment increased to ~6 cm. Effects of dose reduction with and without the gonadal shields properly placed were similar for standard filtration and added filtration. SPR at the level of the testes was consistently <1 for all phantoms. SPR for ovaries was ~1.5 for the adult and 5‐yr old, and ~1 for the newborn phantom. Conclusion Dose reduction with ideal alignment of the simulated gonadal shield to the gonads in this study was greater for the testes than the ovaries; both reductions were substantial. However, the dose reductions were greatly reduced (to <10%) for both sexes with misalignment of the gonads to the shields by 4 cm for children and 6 cm for adults.

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Gonadal Exposure Dose from Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Section 5 Acronyms and Abbreviations

Section 5 Acronyms and Abbreviations

Findings of a Survey of X-Ray Units: Oregon's Radiological Health Program

Achievable dose reductions with gonadal shielding for children and adults during abdominal/pelvic radiographic examinations: A Monte Carlo simulation

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