Gonadotropin Regulation, Oestrogens and the Immune System

Kordon, C.; Drouva, Sophia V.

doi:10.1159/000182395

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This may account for the lack of statistical significance in the decrease in T levels. Experimental studies suggested that IGF-I may stimulate the conversion of testosterone to DHT as addition of IGF-I to cultured genital skin fibroblasts induced a significant increase of 5α-reductase activity possibly resulting in increased DHT in genital skin [35]. However, we did not detect any effect of GH treatment on DHT levels.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy on IGF-Related Parameters and on the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in GH-Deficient Males

et al. 1998

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It has been suggested that growth hormone (GH) may play a regulatory role in male reproductive function. To express full anabolic effect in immature boys testosterone apparently requires the presence of GH. In GH-deficient adults, GH replacement therapy exerts a variety of anabolic actions, some of which are similar to the effects of gonadal steroids. However, little is known about the potential effects of GH on gonadal steroids and on dynamic tests of pituitary-gonadal function in adults with GH deficiency. We evaluated the pituitary-gonadal axis in a 4-month double-blind, placebo-controlled GH study in 13 young males with childhood-onset GH deficiency of which 6 had isolated GH deficiency. GH treatment significantly increased serum levels of total IGF-I from 98 (68) to 323 (126) µg/l, free IGF-I from 0.48 (0.47) to 2.24 (1.66) µg/l, IGFBP-3 from 1,874 (1,178) to 3,520 (778) µg/l and ALS levels from 9,182 (5,524) to 16,872 (6,278) µg/l (all p < 0.0001). We found no differences in basal testosterone levels in the 13 patients between the GH and placebo treatment periods (21.9 (5.1) vs. 24.5 (8.1) nmol/l, nonsignificant). Furthermore, no effect of GH on the testicular response to hCG after 72 h was seen compared to placebo (36.2 (6.4) vs. 38.8 (10.3) nmol/l). In addition, no differences existed in basal SHBG, DHT, free testosterone, Δ4-adion and DHEA-S levels. There were no statistically significant differences in maximal FSH and LH response to a GnRH challenge between the GH and the placebo periods (15.7 (5.3) vs. 18.0 (8.8) U/l and 47.0 (26.4) vs. 40.4 (26.5) U/l, respectively). Furthermore, there was no effect on cortisol responses after ACTH between the GH and the placebo periods. However, significantly higher estradiol levels were seen after GH treatment (110 (50) pmol/l) compared to after placebo (89 (34) pmol/l, p = 0.03). Prostate-specific antigen levels decreased after GH treatment compared to after placebo (0.42 (0.54) vs. 0.47 (0.48) µg/l) and this difference almost reached statistical significance (p = 0.059). Inhibin-B levels were significantly lower in hypogonadal patients substituted with androgens, but GH had no effect on inhibin-B levels. In conclusion, GH replacement therapy in 13 GH-deficient young adult males resulted in significant increases in total and free IGF-I as well as in ALS levels in all patients, but had no significant effect on: (1) the pituitary FSH and LH response to GnRH; (2) basal and hCG-stimulated levels of androgens and SHBG; (3) basal inhibin-B levels; (4) ACTH-stimulated cortisol secretion. By contrast, GH administration had subtle anti-androgenic effects in terms of elevated elevated estradiol levels and decreased prostate-specific antigen levels, although both parameters remained within the normal range. Thus, at the level of blood chemistry the effects of GH administration do not appear to involve major alterations in the pituitary-gonadal axis.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy on IGF-Related Parameters and on the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in GH-Deficient Males

et al. 1998

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“…In 1992, the semiautomatic method CASAS (computer-assisted skeletal age scores) was presented [1] which analyses the 13 bones of the Tanner-Whitehouse (TW) RUS system (RUS stands for radius, ulna and the 11 short bones in rays 1, 3 and 5). CASAS requires a considerable amount of manual work, but yields a smaller interobserver variation than manual rating as well as a smoother longitudinal course of BA over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a New Method for Automated Determination of Bone Age in Japanese Children

Martin

Sato

et al. 2010

Horm Res Paediatr

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BoneXpert, an automated method for analysis of hand radiographs of children, has recently been developed and validated in European children. It determines Tanner-Whitehouse (TW) and Greulich Pyle (GP) bone ages (BA). The purpose of this work is to validate BoneXpert BA in Japanese children and determine the following two properties of the method: (1) The accuracy of the BA, i.e. the standard deviation from an experienced Japanese TW BA rater. (2) The precision of the BA, i.e. BoneXpert’s ability to yield the same BA value on a repeated radiograph. The data consist of two studies: 185 radiographs of 22 normal children followed longitudinally from approximately 7 years to full maturity, and 284 radiographs of 22 patients with growth hormone deficiency treated with growth hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue followed from an age of 4–11 years to almost full maturity. All radiographs were rated manually according to the TW-Japan system. BoneXpert processed all images, and the accuracy (SD) of TW-Japan BA was 0.72 years (95% CI 0.68–0.76). The precision error (SD) on a single determination of GP BA was 0.17 years (95% CI 0.15–0.19). It is concluded that BoneXpert performs as well in Japanese children as it does in Caucasian children. This study accomplishes a calibration of BoneXpert to the TW-Japan standard, which performs well for the entire BA range from 4 years up to full maturity.

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“…The image of the hand in the form of an X-ray is inserted into the system by the user or radiologist. The preprocessing stage depends on the subsequent stages in the system starting after uploading the radiograph [82]. Usually, the preprocessing step prepares the images for further analysis, for example, removing the background of images or rejecting the images with low quality for processing [83].…”

Section: Discussion and Identified Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated Bone Age Assessment: Motivation, Taxonomies, and Challenges

Mansourvar

Ismail

Herawan

et al. 2013

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

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Bone age assessment (BAA) of unknown people is one of the most important topics in clinical procedure for evaluation of biological maturity of children. BAA is performed usually by comparing an X-ray of left hand wrist with an atlas of known sample bones. Recently, BAA has gained remarkable ground from academia and medicine. Manual methods of BAA are time-consuming and prone to observer variability. This is a motivation for developing automated methods of BAA. However, there is considerable research on the automated assessment, much of which are still in the experimental stage. This survey provides taxonomy of automated BAA approaches and discusses the challenges. Finally, we present suggestions for future research.

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Gonadotropin Regulation, Oestrogens and the Immune System

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy on IGF-Related Parameters and on the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in GH-Deficient Males

Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy on IGF-Related Parameters and on the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in GH-Deficient Males

Validation of a New Method for Automated Determination of Bone Age in Japanese Children

Automated Bone Age Assessment: Motivation, Taxonomies, and Challenges

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