Gonyaulax monilata, sp. nov., the Causative Dinoflagellate of a Red Tide on the East Coast of Florida in August-September, 1951

Abstract

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Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum on survival, grazing and behavioral response of three ecologically important bivalve molluscs

“…Reported blooms of A. monilatum in the Gulf of Mexico and along the eastern coast of Florida were frequent 20-50 years ago, along with associated finfish and shellfish kills (Howell, 1953;Gates and Wilson, 1960;Williams and Ingle, 1972;Wardle et al, 1975;Perry et al, 1979;Perry, 1980;Maples et al, 1983;Norris, 1983) (Table 1). Some blooms were linked to stimulation by anthropogenic nutrient enrichment, as mentioned (e.g.…”

“…The potentially toxic, chain-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum (Howell) Balech blooms along the east coast of Florida (Howell, 1953;Norris, 1983), north to Chesapeake Bay (Morse, 1947), the Gulf of Mexico (Mississippi Sound, Perry et al, 1979;Texas, Connell and Cross, 1950;Gunter, 1942;Ray and Aldrich, 1967), South America and Central America (Venezuela, Costa Rica, Caribbean Sea, Halim, 1967;Ferraz-Reyes et al, 1985) and the Pacific Ocean off Ecuador (Balech, 1995) (Table 1). Blooms of A. monilatum have been associated with mortalities of fish and invertebrates (Table 1).…”

Phylogenetic relationship of Alexandrium monilatum (Dinophyceae) to other Alexandrium species based on 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences

“…monilatum was first identified and described from waters collected near Melbourne on the east coast of Florida (Howell, 1953).…”

Cell Division in Gonyaulax catenella, A Marine Catenate Dinoflagellate*

“…catenata (13), G. series (15), and G . monilata (10). Several species of Ceratium also form chains of cells with cytoplasmic continuity (12).…”