Good parents, bad parents: Rethinking family involvement in juvenile justice

Paik, Leslie

doi:10.1177/1362480616649430

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Another explanation for findings could be related to the burden of probation requirements and their impact on successful probation, which is consistent with the argument that assigning youth to multiple requirements and probation conditions is not necessarily effective but instead makes it more difficult for youth to succeed. For example, many justice-involved youth come from families with minimal resources (Paik, 2017), creating barriers to following probation conditions, such as missing required appointments or meetings because of transportation issues. Parent engagement in probation is crucial and often a part of probation (e.g., engagement in family therapy); however, parent engagement in probation is often challenging (Burke, Mulvey, Schubert, & Garbin, 2014; Paik, 2017; Walker, Bishop, Pullmann, & Bauer, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The point of diminishing returns in juvenile probation: Probation requirements and risk of technical probation violations among first-time probation-involved youth.

Dir¹,

Magee²,

Clifton³

et al. 2021

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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Technical probation violations are common among probation-involved youth and, across many jurisdictions, may result in detention or residential placement. The current study examined prevalence of technical violations occurring during one's first probation period, the average time to technical violation, and individual-level and justice-related factors related to technical violations among probation-involved youth in a juvenile justice system. We analyzed electronic criminal records of 18,289 probation-involved youth following their first arrest (68.7% male, 53.9% Black, Mage ϭ 15.2 years). Technical violation was defined as a violation resulting from a noncriminal incident. We examined effects of charge severity, probation conditions (e.g., electronic monitoring), and program referrals (e.g., mental health) on likelihood of technical violation utilizing survival analysis stratified by race. Across 18,289 youth, 15.3% received a technical violation during their first probation; Black youth violated more quickly compared with White youth (log-rank test p Ͻ .001). In multivariate survival analyses, the hazard for time to technical violation was higher for Black youth compared with White youth (p Ͻ .001), males (p ϭ .04), and younger youth (p Ͻ .001). Youth assigned to more probation requirements violated more quickly. Electronic monitoring and education, mental health, and drug programs were associated with shorter time to violation, controlling for race, ethnicity, and charge severity. Black youth violate more quickly compared with White youth. Across all youth, assignment to more probation requirements increased risk of technical violation and shorter time to violation. Despite the benefit of probation interventions, system-level efforts are needed to help youth adhere to probation requirements and successfully complete probation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The point of diminishing returns in juvenile probation: Probation requirements and risk of technical probation violations among first-time probation-involved youth.

Dir¹,

Magee²,

Clifton³

et al. 2021

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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“…Goffman (1969) provides another useful framework for interpreting this study’s findings. Goffman suggests that once a youth becomes too disruptive to the family’s own system of structuring relational dynamics and routines, the family becomes open to relying on nonfamilial adult authorities to help with “controlling that person” (Paik, 2017, p. 308). Yet a danger emerges in that the JPO might supplant, replace, or even usurp parental authority (Paik, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Goffman suggests that once a youth becomes too disruptive to the family’s own system of structuring relational dynamics and routines, the family becomes open to relying on nonfamilial adult authorities to help with “controlling that person” (Paik, 2017, p. 308). Yet a danger emerges in that the JPO might supplant, replace, or even usurp parental authority (Paik, 2017). That is, when the youth is placed under the supervision of a JPO, the parents may believe that the JPO has taken control and responsibility for monitoring the youth; thus, they may relax their own parenting practices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, parents are perceived to be integral to JPOs’ efforts and the overall success of youth in the juvenile justice system (e.g., Burke et al, 2014; Hoeve et al, 2008). Yet precisely because JPOs may take into consideration family factors when deciding how to sanction youth and youth are under dual monitoring by both parents and JPOs, there may be tension or conflict in the engagement of “parenting” roles between the authority of parents and JPOs (Paik, 2017). Indeed, scholars suggest that juvenile supervision can reshape the family life (Rios, 2017; Phelps, 2020).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partners or adversaries? The relation between juvenile diversion supervision and parenting practices.

Fine¹,

Rowan²,

Cauffman³

2020

Law and Human Behavior

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Objective: Based on guiding principles such as parens patriae, juvenile probation officers (JPOs) not only supervise youth, but in certain jurisdictions they also decide how control-oriented their conditions will be. JPOs' perceptions of parenting could be related to their decision making. This study examined: (a) whether JPOs' perceptions of the home were associated with the conditions they placed on youth; (b) if JPOs' perceptions of the home aligned with the youths' perceptions; and (c) if JPOs' control-oriented conditions were associated with changes in parenting practices. Hypotheses: (H1) JPOs' perceptions of the home should be positively related to youths' perceptions of parenting practices. (H2) JPOs' perceptions of the home should be positively associated with the conditions imposed. (H3) JPOs' control-oriented conditions may be positively associated with increased parental supervision, yet they may also be associated with lessened parental supervision. Method: The sample consisted of 265 male youth (mean age ϭ 15.41; 76.6% Latino, 19.25% White, 0.75% Black) who were arrested for the first time and placed on supervised diversion. Results: Latent class analyses indicated that there were three supervision conditions classes: standard, moderate, and high control. JPOs' perceptions of the home did not align with youths' perceptions of parenting practices (e.g., rule setting, curfew setting, and monitoring) yet they were the strongest predictor of receiving the most control-oriented conditions. Surprisingly, parental rule setting, curfew setting, and monitoring declined once youth were placed under supervision, and declines did not differ based on how control-oriented their official conditions were. Conclusions: Parents are thought to be vital in justice-involved youths' success. Yet within this sample, officers' perceptions of the family did not align with youths' perceptions. Further, parental supervision declined equally regardless of how control-oriented youths' supervision conditions were. Parents must be better integrated into the process to enhance the success of youth on community supervision. Public Significance StatementYouth report that their parental supervision declines once they are placed under official supervision, indicating that families may view probation as supplanting or replacing their responsibilities. Officers and parents must work together to ensure youth are adequately supervised and supported, rather than one authority supplanting the other.

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“…As minors, children are inherently dependent upon their parents when they are arrested. Indeed, it is a foundational expectation of the juvenile justice system that parents guide their child through the process of an arrest, and partner with law enforcement to ensure desistence from crime (Paik, 2016). In practice, parents—in most cases, mothers—often lack both the systemic knowledge and the instrumental means of participating in their child’s juvenile justice experience and may find the process frustrating (Broeking & Peterson-Badali, 2010; Cavanagh & Cauffman, 2017).…”

Section: Parents’ Attitudes Toward Policementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of rearrests in juvenile offenders’ and their mothers’ attitudes toward police.

Cavanagh

Cauffman

2019

Law and Human Behavior

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Both personal experience and parental attitudes shape youths’ attitudes toward the justice system. The present study tested the influence of (a) youth rearrests and (b) parents’ attitudes toward police on trajectories of youthful offenders’ attitudes toward police over 3 years. Among a sample of 317 first-time male juvenile offenders and their mothers, group-based trajectory modeling identified 4 trajectories of youths’ attitudes toward police over the 3 years since the youths’ first arrests. Mothers with more positive initial attitudes toward the police were more likely to have sons who were part of 1 of the 2 positive attitude trajectory groups than the 2 negative attitude trajectory groups. In contrast, youth rearrests were rarely associated with trajectory group membership, suggesting that a mother’s attitude toward the police may outweigh a youth’s own experience (via arrests) with the justice system in determining trajectories of his attitudes toward the police. Additionally, the present study tests whether parents’ own attitudes toward police are predicted by their children’s rearrests. We found that mothers whose sons were rearrested during the study period had more negative attitudes toward the police. The results add a novel component to our understanding of family attitude dynamics as related to perceptions of law enforcement and juvenile arrests. Overall, a family level perspective is necessary when considering the effects of rearrests on youths’—and their parents’—attitudes toward the police.

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Good parents, bad parents: Rethinking family involvement in juvenile justice

Cited by 18 publications

References 48 publications

The point of diminishing returns in juvenile probation: Probation requirements and risk of technical probation violations among first-time probation-involved youth.

The point of diminishing returns in juvenile probation: Probation requirements and risk of technical probation violations among first-time probation-involved youth.

Partners or adversaries? The relation between juvenile diversion supervision and parenting practices.

The role of rearrests in juvenile offenders’ and their mothers’ attitudes toward police.

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