Gouache gilding on lead and wood objects studied by multivariate and graph analyses applied to XRF spectra

Brocchieri, Jessica; Scialla, Elvira; Manzone, Anna; Graziano, Giuseppe Oreste; Sabbarese, C.

doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103382

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The data obtained are examined using multivariate statistical analysis to study the relationships among elements and spectra detected by XRF analysis. The analysis and representation methods used are boxplot, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Graph Analysis (GA), diagram and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) [60][61][62][63][64].…”

Section: Instrumentation and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double-Relief Silver Coins Minted in the Greek Colonies (444–390/340–280/270 BC) of Southern Italy Analysed by XRF

Brocchieri,

Vitale,

Sabbarese

2023

QuBS

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A sample of 18 double-relief coins from different poleis of Magna Graecia and ancient Italy has been analysed using a handheld XRF spectrometer directly inside the Museo Provinciale Campano (Capua, Italy). The data analysis shows that (i) the main elements are Ag and Cu, indicating that the coins are of high fineness (average Ag 95.7%), (ii) trace elements can help to characterise the coins, (iii) a superficial chemically altered layer (corrosion) is absent, (iv) the values of ratio Ag Kα/Lα evidence the presence of an enrichment layer on the surface of silver or subaerata in some coins. Multivariate statistical analysis and graph analysis allowed the coins to be assigned to different groups with the highest possible accuracy on the basis of the chemical data obtained and models to be constructed to classify the coins according to their historical periods.

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Section: Instrumentation and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double-Relief Silver Coins Minted in the Greek Colonies (444–390/340–280/270 BC) of Southern Italy Analysed by XRF

Brocchieri,

Vitale,

Sabbarese

2023

QuBS

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“…Indeed, though XRF averages out the composition of the whole volume investigated, different attempts have been made to retrieve the elemental distribution inside a multilayered sample. In particular, the ratio between different fluorescence lines (Kα/Kβ or Lα/Lβ intensities ratio) is often applied on metallic artifacts to measure the thickness of gildings [50][51][52][53][54][55][56] or the Monte Carlo simulations are used to create theoretical spectra of multi-layered samples, which are compared with the experimental data obtained on the unknown samples [57][58][59]; and finally, confocal micro XRF (CµXRF), employs capillaries to select a small volume of the sample to be analyzed, performing this task for more than twenty years [60][61][62][63][64][65].…”

Section: Angle-dependent Xrf Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angle-Dependent XRF Analyses: Pros and Cons of a Novel Technique in the Field of Cultural Heritage

Orsilli,

Galli

2024

Sustainability

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In the cultural heritage field, non-invasive analyses are becoming more important as they avoid any sampling, allowing in situ measurements to be performed. XRF is one of the most common among those techniques, as it allows elemental speciation of the sample with a range that goes from F to U. However, the main limitation of this technique on cultural heritage objects is due to their intrinsic inhomogeneity, both lateral and in-depth. If MA-XRF has overcome the lateral inhomogeneity through the collection of multiple XRF spectra in different positions, it is more difficult to find an optimal way to perform in-depth analyses. Now, only confocal micro XRF allows for precise 3D analyses, as other techniques are limited to certain kinds of samples. In recent years, however, angle-resolved XRF has given promising results in the analysis of layered samples. In this study, we will review the information about this new analytical technique and its advantages and disadvantages in studying cultural heritage objects following our recent studies.

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“…PCA uses a set of observations (in our case measurement points) that are characterized by many variables (in our case net area counts of chemical elements or unprocessed full spectrum in the energy range from 0 to 47 keV with 4096 acquisition channels) and processes a transformation of the original variables into a new set of uncorrelated variables, called principal components (PCs). The aim is to visualize possible clusters among the observations in the score plot so that their characteristics of similarity or difference emerge [24]. The loading plot is a useful graph to understand the contribution of each original variable in defining the PCs, while the biplot is the view of score plot and loading plot together.…”

Section: X-ray Fluorescence (Xrf) and Scanning Macro-x-ray Fluorescen...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quantitative analysis is also difficult because the measured intensities of the fluorescence lines related to an element depend on several factors such as the accompanying elements (matrix), the shape and thickness of the analyzed sample, and measurement conditions [23] but semi-quantitative results can give important information. XRF data can be subjected to various statistical processing methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and the k-means method, which allow the identification of groupings using elemental concentrations, intensity of the fluorescence lines and full spectra [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of ‘Cona degli Ordini’ by Colantonio with IR and XRF Analyses

et al. 2023

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Two paintings by the Neapolitan Renaissance painter Colantonio were studied with two non-invasive techniques to enrich the technical–scientific documentation. Infrared reflectography (IR) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses were performed on Saint Jerome in the studio and Saint Francis delivering the Rule, paintings preserved in the Museo e Real Bosco di Capodimonte. The IR scanning was performed to look beyond the visible layers of the paint for the preparatory drawings and pentimenti, or changes made during the painting process. The XRF technique was applied in many points to determine the elemental composition and enable the identification of pigments and materials used in paint and in the preparatory layers. Elemental XRF mapping was also carried out on a region of particular interest. Results provide an initial overview and hypothesis of color palette and techniques used by the artist.

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Gouache gilding on lead and wood objects studied by multivariate and graph analyses applied to XRF spectra

Cited by 4 publications

References 31 publications

Double-Relief Silver Coins Minted in the Greek Colonies (444–390/340–280/270 BC) of Southern Italy Analysed by XRF

Double-Relief Silver Coins Minted in the Greek Colonies (444–390/340–280/270 BC) of Southern Italy Analysed by XRF

Angle-Dependent XRF Analyses: Pros and Cons of a Novel Technique in the Field of Cultural Heritage

Study of ‘Cona degli Ordini’ by Colantonio with IR and XRF Analyses

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