Governance and Finance: Availability of Community and Social Development Infrastructures in Rural China

Abstract

This article studies the causes for unequal access to rural community and social development infrastructures in China. We use a dataset in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011)(2012), the National Baseline Survey of Communities, to examine the availability of four types of infrastructures: public transportation, sanitation, health care and aged care. Three hundred and seven villages are included in this study. The findings suggest that the primary funder of infrastructures and the status of village governance have impacts on the unequal availability of rural infrastructures. The effects vary by the type of infrastructures under discussion. This is the first attempt to combine planning, finance and governance factors in explaining rural infrastructure availability. It has strong policy implications and shed important light on state-society relations and the urbanisation trends in China.

Peran Komitmen, Kompetensi, Dan Spiritualitas Dalam Pengelolaan Dana Desa

“…Peran pendam ping desa dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa sangatlah penting, terutama dalam hal penggalian, penampungan, dan penyaluran aspirasi masyarakat sebagai bentuk parti sipasi pembangunan lingkungan pedesaan serta meningkatkan kinerja dalam mewujud kan keberdayaan masyarakat. Pada akhir nya hal ini dapat menjadi tumpuan harapan masyarakat terhadap pemerintah, terutama programprogram yang diagendakan oleh pemerintah untuk mewujudkan kemandi rian serta kesejahteraan masyarakat desa serta pembangunan di desa yang berkelan jutan (Balázs & Hoffman, 2017;Palmer & Chuamuangphan, 2018;Wang & Li, 2018). Namun, permasalahan pada faktanya, kom petensi pendamping desa masih minim ter utama dalam hal membantu desa dalam pe ngelolaan dananya (Klick, 2016;Sun, Lin, & Chan, 2017;Suresh, 2017).…”

Access to Community Living Infrastructure and Its Impact on the Establishment of Community-Based Day Care Centres for Seniors in Rural China

“…The reasons for the emergence of provider shortages have primarily been infrastructural deficiencies, such as those related to inadequate transport, communication infrastructure and a lack of social and cultural facilities. The choice of appropriate measured variables of rural community living infrastructure also referenced the EDI report about the basic infrastructure services in developing countries [ 19 ] and the reality of the types of Chinese rural infrastructure [ 16 ]. Moreover, the data availability was considered in the choice of those variables.…”

“…A range of studies have assessed the determinants of such inequities in the development of day care centres from an individual perspective [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. For example, some studies have examined the association between personal characteristics (such as sociodemographic factors, social economic status, presence of caregivers, insured type and health conditions) and the development of day care centres [ 11 , 12 , 16 , 17 ]. However, a limited set of empirical research has focused on the role of community-level characteristics and their impact on inequities in the development of day care centres.…”

“…Such services include housing, transportation, water, sanitation, solid waste disposal and energy for cooking and lighting [ 19 ]. In China, rural infrastructure may be divided into four categories, including agricultural production infrastructure (such as infrastructure supporting modern agricultural production and irrigation), rural community living infrastructure (such as safe drinking water, natural gas, rural roads, local public transport and electricity), rural social development infrastructure (such as educational institutions, health care centres, and social interaction facilities), and ecological and environmental infrastructure (such as the infrastructure used in protecting natural and ecological resources) [ 16 , 20 ]. The development of each of these four rural types of infrastructure has varied across communities and may be one of the reasons why access to elder care services has been uneven across rural regions [ 16 ].…”

Apakah Potensi Desa Dan Kepemimpinan Transformasional Mampu Meningkatkan Pendapatan?

“…Hal ini mengandung implikasi agar ke depannya pe merintah desa lebih meningkatkan kinerja nya guna memaksimalkan apa yang menjadi tujuan dari pemerintah desa itu sendiri yang salah satunya meningkatkan kesejahte raan masyarakat desa melalui peningkatan pendapatan asli desa. Masyarakat sangat mengharapkan agar programprogram yang dijalankan pemerintah desa dapat ditujukan bagi kesejahteraan masyarakat serta pem bangunan desa yang mandiri (Wang & Li, 2018;Purnamawati & Adnyani, 2019).…”