Governance and management strategies in national parks: implications for sustainable regional development

Balancing local interests and national conservation obligations in nature protection. The case of local management boards in Norway

“…Contrary to other countries, where the responsibility for economic development is integrated with the responsibility for protection management (Getzner et al 2014;Barker and Stockdale 2008), these concerns are discussed and decided on other arenas in Norway. The most important concerns for the mayors -local development -is excluded from the protected area boards.…”

“…In such models representatives from different levels of governments share the power with representatives of private stakeholder, as in the case of Lapponia in Sweden (Hongslo et al 2015;Zachrisson 2009a), Hohe Tauern National Park in Austria (Getzner et al 2014) or in National Parks in Scotland (Barker and Stockdale 2008). In addition to include private stakeholders in the management, Austria and Scotland have also integrated the responsibilities for economic development within the framework of National Park management.…”

“…Models based on co-management between central government and local stakeholders are more common among European countries (see i.e. Zachrisson 2009a; Getzner et al 2014;Barker and Stockdale 2008). In spite of this uniqueness, the Norwegian solution is nevertheless theoretically interesting.…”

Formation of new property rights on government land through informal co-management: Case studies on countryside guerilla gardening

“…Co-management is heralded as a solution to the inadequacies of the command-and-control approach to natural resource management, particularly those within protected areas whether terrestrial such as national parks and forest reserves (for example, Mehring et al, 2011) or marine such as fisheries (for example , Pinkerton, 1989). Since the 1970s, there has been a governance shift from rational comprehensive approach with little community participation to a participatory planning process (Getzner et al, 2014) underpinned by the norms and values of equity, efficiency, sustainability, and power distribution (Wever et al, 2012;Brewer and Moon, 2015). The participatory nature of co-management is understood as a strategy to improve the management of protected areas, efficiency, effectiveness, and equity, and thus lead to sustainable development of national parks (Brewer & Moon, 2015).…”

“…When local communities are provided adequate involvement in the joint management of natural resources, they show greater level of compliance with protected area policies (Andrade & Rhodes, 2012). Co-management increases local resource users' ability for self-organization (Getzner et al, 2014), self-regulation, compliance, and cooperation with park regulations (Hoffman, 2009). Some examples attesting to this are the joint management of marine resources in the Philippines (Horigue et al, 2012) and of coastal ecosystems in the Caribbean (Smith, 2012).…”