Cancer self-health programmes are a popular form of healthcare in the UK, Australia and North America. This article explores how they bring together heterogeneous and possibly incommensurable modes of healthcare (including complementary and alternative medicine, self-help, psychotherapy, and systems theory from bioscience) to form programmes of self-health. Through a discourse analysis of four programmes -The Bristol Approach; Health Creation Programme; CANCERactive; and, The Healing Journey -this article explore how these programmes promote: (1) Strategies to delineate spheres of living, such as mind, body, and spirit; (2) Relational practices such as, holism, connectedness, listening, and healing; (3) Empirically pragmatic attitudes that individualise techniques and practices; and, (4) Purposes to life that emphasise a dialogical movement between dichotomised positions. Significantly, through these strategies, techniques and practices cancer self-health programmes are able to promote an ethos that seeks to affect the user, without determining an individual's specific needs or choices.Keywords Complementary and alternative medicine, self-help, psychotherapy, cancer, systems biomedicine, sociology. within) could be tempered by the ethical difference these programmes make to the ways users understand their healthcare. In order to consider this, this article explores how the strategies, techniques, practices and aims of cancer self-health programmes are proffered to the user as one way of managing the multiplicity of tensions in selfhealthcare.
MethodThe following four cancer self-health programmes 1 were selected for analysis Chris Woollams' 'CANCERactive' (Woollams 2005(Woollams , 2008.1 While the founders or users of these programmes may not specifically use the label 'cancer self-health', I do not believe the conceptualisation would be one either alien to them or construed as necessarily problematic.2 Cooke wrote most of the book on The Bristol Approach, however it introduces an approach inspired by Penny Brohn and Pat Pilkington (the founders) (PBCC 2013) and that was the product of years of collaboration from numerous CAM and biomedical practitioners at the Bristol center. The books that were selected from each programme represent the core texts for each approach, introducing the main ideas, attitudes and practices to the (potential) user.The programmes themselves extend much further than these books, offering websites, newsletters, blogs, DVDs and podcasts, as well as courses and retreats. However, in order to focus on the central messages of the programmes these were excluded from this analysis.The field of cancer self-health is an international and multi-million dollar enterprise and so other programmes were considered for analysis. unlike the other four programmes, which seek to bring together a heterogeneous mix of treatments, therapies and practices, these approaches emphasise one discipline to the exclusion of others. LeShan and Hay primarily focus on the psychological aspects of illness,...