“…Information asymmetry and agency problems are widely acknowledged as the primary reasons for financing constraints [ 3 , 28 ]. Many studies have explored different ways of measuring financing constraints, such as the KZ index [ 28 ], the WW index [ 29 ], and the SA index [ 30 , 31 ]. Factors influencing financing constraints have been identified in the macroeconomic environment from the perspective of firm characteristics.…”