GPR imaging criteria

Luo, Tess X.H.; Lai, Wallace Wai-Lok; Chang, Ray K.W.; Goodman, Dean

doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.04.008

Cited by 56 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The expected depth of the sought targets was between 0.5 m and 1.8 m, and the values of A at 1 m and 2 m, according to equations (1) and 2, were between 0.37 m and 0.8 m. These results confirm that PS = 0.5 m is a reasonable value. e) In [44], it is suggested to use PS < 4λ, which in the present case study yields a minimum PS of 1.06 m and 2.12 m with 400 MHz and 200 MHz antennas, respectively. This further confirms that PS = 0.5 m was an appropriate choice for both sets of antennas.…”

Section: (D)mentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In [44], it is suggested to use PS < 4λ, which in the present case study yields a minimum PS of 1.06 m and 2.12 m with 400 MHz and 200 MHz antennas, respectively. This further confirms that PS = 0.5 m was an appropriate choice for both sets of antennas.…”

Section: (D)mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Definition of PS based on the expected size of the sought targets and distance between adjacent targets-This is the simplest and most common approach, wherein the chosen PS is no larger than the expected size of the sought objects and no larger than the distance between adjacent objects [44][45][46]. In the case study presented in this paper this approach was adopted and PS = 0.…”

Section: Survey Planning and Data Acquisition Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Using Ground Penetrating Radar to Reveal Hidden Archaeology: The Case Study of the Württemberg-Stambol Gate in Belgrade (Serbia)

Ristić

Govedarica

Pajewski

et al. 2020

Sensors

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This paper presents the results of a research study where ground penetrating radar (GPR) was successfully used to reveal the remains of the Württemberg-Stambol Gate in the subsurface of Republic Square, in Belgrade, Serbia. GPR investigations were carried out in the context of renovation works in the square, which involved rearranging traffic control, expanding the pedestrian zone, renewing the surface layer, and valorising existing archaeological structures. The presence of the gate remains was suggested by historical documents and information from previous restoration works. A pulsed radar unit was used for the survey, with antennas having 200- and 400-MHz central frequencies. Data were recorded over a grid and two three-dimensional models were built, one for each set of antennas. The grid was the same for both sets of antennas, therefore the two models could be compared. Several horizontal cross sections of the models were plotted, corresponding to different depths; these images were carefully examined and interpreted, paying particular attention to signatures that could originate from the sought archaeological structures. Reflections coming from the gate remains were identified in both models, in the same region of the survey area and at the same depth; the geometry, size, and layout of the gate columns, as well as of other construction elements belonging to the gate, were determined with very good accuracy. Based on the GPR findings, archaeological excavation works were carried out in the region where the foundation remains were estimated to be. The presence of the remains was confirmed, with various columns and side walls. This case study demonstrates and further corroborates the effectiveness and reliability of GPR for the non-invasive prospection of archaeological structures hidden in the heterogeneous subsurface of urban environments. In the opinion of the authors, GPR should be incorporated as a routine field procedure in construction and renovation projects involving historical cities.

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Section: (D)mentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: (D)mentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Survey Planning and Data Acquisition Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Using Ground Penetrating Radar to Reveal Hidden Archaeology: The Case Study of the Württemberg-Stambol Gate in Belgrade (Serbia)

Ristić

Govedarica

Pajewski

et al. 2020

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In terms of the worst case, the profiles are parallel with a linear object (PS // ), which means that the response of the GPR will not be obvious enough and a smaller profile spacing is required. In sum [36], a suggestion for the selection of a suitable profile spacing is PS// ≤ 4λ and PS⊥ ≤ 6λ; where λ is the GPR wavelength. In the cases of real urban site I and II, the yields were a minimum PS // of 0.98 m and PS ⊥ = 1.47 m with 400 MHz (the estimated minimal velocity in sites is 0.087 m/ns; minimal wavelength is 0.245 m).…”

Section: Methods and Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Kinematic GPR-TPS Model with High 3D Georeference Accuracy for Underground Utility Infrastructure Mapping: A Case Study from Urban Sites in Celje, Slovenia

et al. 2020

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This paper describes in detail the applicability of the developed ground-penetrating radar (GPR) model with a kinematic GPR and self-tracking (robotic) terrestrial positioning system (TPS) surveying setup (GPR-TPS model) for the acquisition, processing and visualisation of underground utility infrastructure (UUI) in a real urban environment. The integration of GPR with TPS can significantly improve the accuracy of UUI positioning in a real urban environment by means of efficient control of GPR trajectories. Two areas in the urban part of Celje in Slovenia were chosen. The accuracy of the kinematic GPR-TPS model was analysed by comparing the three-dimensional (3D) position of UUI given as reference values (true 3D position) from the officially consolidated cadastre of utility infrastructure in the Republic of Slovenia and those obtained by the GPR-TPS method. To determine the reference 3D position of the GPR antenna and UUI, the same positional and height geodetic network was used. Small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) were used for recording to provide a better spatial display of the results of UUI obtained with the GPR-TPS method. As demonstrated by the results, the kinematic GPR-TPS model for data acquisition can achieve an accuracy of fewer than 15 centimetres in a real urban environment.

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“…Therefore, rapid, continuous and reliable estimation of shallow SWC is necessary to achieve effective soil water management at the field scale. Existing methods to characterize shallow SWC are either suited to small scales (<0.1 m), such as the gravimetric method, time-domain-reflectometry (TDR), and capacitive sensors, or to large areas (>10-100 m), such as remote sensing and airborne and spaceborne passive microwave and active radar systems [7]. Below, we briefly describe these methods for measuring shallow SWC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Water Content Estimation Using High-Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2019

Water

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The rapid high-precision and nondestructive determination of shallow soil water content (SWC) is of vital importance to precision agriculture and water resource management. However, the low-frequency ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology currently in use is insufficient for precisely determining the shallow SWC. Therefore, it is essential to develop and use a high-precision detection technology to determine SWC. In this paper, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the use of a high-frequency GPR antenna to determine the SWC of loamy sand, clay, and silty loam. We collected soil samples (0–20 cm) of six soil types of loamy sand, clay, and silty loam and used a high-frequency (2-GHz) GPR antenna to determine the SWC. In addition, we obtained GPR data and images as well as characteristic parameters of the electromagnetic spectrum and analyzed the quantitative relationship with SWC. The GPR reflection two-way travel times and the known depths of reflectors were used to calculate the average soil dielectric permittivities above the reflectors and establish a spatial relationship between the soil dielectric permittivity ( ε ) and SWC ( θ ), which was used to estimate the depth-averaged SWC. The results show that the SWC, which affects the attenuation of wave energy and the wave velocity of the GPR signal, is a dominant factor affecting the soil dielectric permittivity. In addition, the conductivity, magnetic soil, soil texture, soil organic matter, and soil temperature have substantial effects on the soil dielectric permittivity, which consequentially affects the prediction of SWC. The correlation coefficients R2 of the “ θ ~ ε ” cubic curve models, which were used to fit the relationships between the soil dielectric permittivity ( ε ) and SWC ( θ ), were greater than 0.89, and the root-mean-square errors were less than 2.9%, which demonstrate that high-frequency GPR technology can be applied to determine shallow SWC under variable hydrological conditions.

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GPR imaging criteria

Cited by 56 publications

References 48 publications

Using Ground Penetrating Radar to Reveal Hidden Archaeology: The Case Study of the Württemberg-Stambol Gate in Belgrade (Serbia)

Using Ground Penetrating Radar to Reveal Hidden Archaeology: The Case Study of the Württemberg-Stambol Gate in Belgrade (Serbia)

Application of Kinematic GPR-TPS Model with High 3D Georeference Accuracy for Underground Utility Infrastructure Mapping: A Case Study from Urban Sites in Celje, Slovenia

Soil Water Content Estimation Using High-Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar

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