GPS-Based Geolocation of Consumer IP Addresses

Feamster, Nick

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98785-5_6

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…J Sommers harnessed geolocation information embedded in non-standard HTTP response headers and unencrypted HTTP cookies [27]. Saxon et al utilized validation set data obtained from devices such as mobile terminal GPS [16]. O Dan et al enhanced IP geolocation by mining search engine click logs [28].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current evaluation methodologies for IP geolocation databases primarily bifurcate into two categories. The first involves the research team amassing a ground truth collection of IP addresses and assessing the database's accuracy predicated on this collection [13][14][15][16]. While this method can accurately assess verified IP addresses, it is not without its limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation Method of IP Geolocation Database Based on City Delay Characteristics

Xie,

Zhang,

Liu

et al. 2023

Electronics

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Despite the widespread use of IP geolocation databases, a robust and precise method for evaluating their accuracy remains elusive. This study presents a novel algorithm designed to assess the reliability of IP geolocation databases, leveraging the congruence of delay distributions across network segments and cities. We developed a fusion reference database, termed CDCDB, to facilitate the evaluation of commercial IP geolocation databases. Remarkably, CDCDB achieves an average positioning accuracy at the city level of 94%, coupled with a city coverage of 99.99%. This allows for an effective and comprehensive evaluation of IP geolocation databases. When compared to IPUU, CDCDB demonstrates an increase in the number of network segments by 18.7%, an increase in the number of high-quality network segments by 13.2%, and an enhancement in the coverage of city-level network segments by 20.92%. The evaluation outcomes reveal that the reliability of IP geolocation databases is not uniform across different cities. Moreover, distinct IP geolocation databases display varying preferences for cities. Consequently, we advise online service providers to select suitable IP geolocation databases based on the cities they cater to, as this could significantly enhance service quality.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation Method of IP Geolocation Database Based on City Delay Characteristics

Xie,

Zhang,

Liu

et al. 2023

Electronics

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“…It is essential to understand the limitations of IP address geolocation [ 12 - 14 ]. First, the accuracy of IP address geolocation varies between IPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many geolocation databases report 60%-99.99% accuracy at the country level and only 30%-80% accuracy at the city level [ 17 ]. Third, the type of network the user is communicating from may impact IP accuracy, with mobile systems reporting far less precision than broadband [ 14 , 15 , 18 ]. Fourth, and perhaps most importantly, virtual private networks (VPNs) complicate geolocation abilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing and Protecting Against Internet Research Fraud in Anonymous Web-Based Research: Protocol for the Development and Implementation of an Anonymous Web-Based Data Integrity Plan

Hohn¹,

Bice²,

DeVita³

2022

JMIR Res Protoc

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Background Data integrity is a priority in any internet research study; it should be maintained to protect the safety and privacy of human participants and to maintain the validity and reliability of research findings. However, one noteworthy risk of web-based research is fraudulent respondent activity. When investigators must utilize anonymous web-based recruitment techniques to reach hidden and expanded populations, steps should be taken to safeguard the integrity of data collected. Objective The purpose of this paper is to present a novel protocol in the form of an anonymous web-based research data integrity plan (DIP) protocol that outlines steps for securing data integrity while conducting anonymous web-based data collection. Methods In this paper, we discuss a protocol regarding the development and implementation of a specific DIP in response to fraudulent activity in an original large-scale mixed methods study launched in April 2021. Four primary steps, each with a set of affiliated procedures, are presented: (1) defining the risks, (2) planning research protocols, (3) securing data collection and recruitment, and (4) determining enrollment. Results Following the relaunch of a large-scale original study and implementation of the DIP protocol, preliminary analyses demonstrated no fraudulent activity. A pre-post analysis is underway to evaluate the effectiveness of the DIP strategies from February 2022 through May 2023. Conclusions Implementing the DIP protocol could save valuable research time, provides a process to examine data critically, and enables the contribution of rigorous findings to various health fields. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/38550

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“…5 5 Saxon and Feamster (2022) analyze the accuracy of IP‐based geolocation databases and show that fixed‐line IP address geolocations are more accurate than mobile IP address geolocations, but that even in New York City, fixed‐line geolocations are only accurate within 2.6 km. Also, some respondents might regularly use virtual private networks or virtual private servers to disguise their IP address location.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Battling bots: Experiences and strategies to mitigate fraudulent responses in online surveys

Goodrich

Fenton

Penn

et al. 2023

Applied Eco Perspectives Pol

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Declining survey response rates have driven many researchers to seek out cost-effective methods of increasing participation, such as conducting surveys online, paying incentives, and using social media to engage hard-to-reach populations. Malicious actors can exploit the monetary incentives and anonymity of online surveys, threatening the integrity of survey data.We share two recent experiences conducting online surveys that were inundated with fraudulent responses. Our objective is to increase awareness of this emerging issue and offer guidance for others to mitigate the effects of fraudulent responders in their own research.

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GPS-Based Geolocation of Consumer IP Addresses

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Evaluation Method of IP Geolocation Database Based on City Delay Characteristics

Evaluation Method of IP Geolocation Database Based on City Delay Characteristics

Preventing and Protecting Against Internet Research Fraud in Anonymous Web-Based Research: Protocol for the Development and Implementation of an Anonymous Web-Based Data Integrity Plan

Battling bots: Experiences and strategies to mitigate fraudulent responses in online surveys

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