Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) tracking for spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO) has been in use for more than 30 years. The TOPEX/POSEIDON ocean surface altimetry mission, launched in 1992, achieved orbit accuracies better than 3 cm (radial RMS; Bertiger et al., 1994) when estimated with a reduced dynamic technique (Wu et al., 1991) using GNSS tracking alone. Since then, follow-on missions have achieved radial accuracies of 1-cm accuracy for Jason-1 (Haines et al., 2004) and sub-centimeter for Jason-2 (Bertiger et al., 2010a). Precise orbit determination (POD) accuracy improvement in the most recent missions is due, in part, to improved GNSS orbit and clock products and calibrated transmitter antenna patterns with improved phase modeling (Schmid et al., 2005(Schmid et al., , 2007.POD accuracy is a critical component of satellite geodetic techniques such as ocean surface altimetry, gravity recovery, and environmental sensing with GNSS radio occultation. These missions are typically equipped with scientific-grade (dual-frequency) GNSS receivers that allow for the direct removal of the first-order