GPS Measured Response of a Tall Building due to a Distant Mw 7.3 Earthquake

Herring, T. A.; Gu, Chen; Toksöz, M. Nafi; Parol, Jafarali; Al-Enezi, Abdullah; Al-Jeri, Farah; Al-Qazweeni, Jamal; Kamal, Hasan; Büyüköztürk, Oral

doi:10.1785/0220180147

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In case of large earthquakes, Herring at al. (2018) show that relative positioning based on remote IGS sites, taken as reference stations, from earthquake epicenter can be used to resolve structural displacement response, using, for instance, GAMIT/TRACK software.…”

Section: Results Of the Kobe Earthquake Simulation Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Performance of High-Rate GNSS-PPP and PPP-AR for Structural Health Monitoring: Dynamic Tests on Shake Table

et al. 2021

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This paper investigates the usability of the GNSS PPP methods, traditional PPP with a floatambiguity solution and with Ambiguity Resolution (PPP-AR), in structural health monitoring applications based on experimental tests using a single-axis shaking table. To evaluate the performance of the PPP methodologies, harmonic oscillations of the motion table with amplitudes ranging from 5 mm to 20 mm and frequency between 0.2 Hz and 2.5 Hz were generated representing a wide range of possible structural motions. In addition, ground motion similar to those experienced during a real earthquake, the Kobe (1995), and step motions were generated on the shaking table. GNSS-PPP-derived positioning results were compared, in both of the frequency and time domains, with reference data comprising LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) data and relative positioning data. Results show that both PPP methods' measurements can be used in the computation of the harmonic oscillations' frequencies compared to the LVDT and relative positioning values. The observed amplitudes of the harmonic oscillations are slightly different from the LVDT values in the order of millimeters. Results of step motion experiment demonstrated that PPP-AR is better than traditional PPP in exhibiting the quasi-static or static displacement offsets. In addition, the capability of PPP-AR method is evaluated to the natural frequency of a small-scale structural model excited on the shaking table. The frequency spectrum of this small-scale structural model derived from the PPP-AR method is consistent with FEM (Finite Element Model) predicted value. All results demonstrate the potential of the high-rate GNSS PPP methods to reliably monitor structural and earthquake-induced vibration frequencies and amplitudes for both the structural and seismological applications.

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Section: Results Of the Kobe Earthquake Simulation Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Performance of High-Rate GNSS-PPP and PPP-AR for Structural Health Monitoring: Dynamic Tests on Shake Table

et al. 2021

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“…By comparing each individual solution with the averaged solution of the RMS scatter, this becomes a useful measure for the phase modelling, and also for identifying the multipath effects on each individual GNSS station. Due to its general form, the multipath effect in GNSS causes periodic oscillations in the phase residuals, because of the change in path length between the direct and reflected signals [40,41]. Generally, the behavior of the phase residuals remains approximately constant over time, with the exception of when new, tall buildings are constructed, soil moisture effects [41], or when the growth of the natural vegetation occurs [27], which should be taken into account, especially when analyzing potential transient deformation signals, such that large multipath effects in general do not bias estimates of the GNSS stations displacements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Analysis on GPS Carrier Phase under Various Cutoff Elevation Angles and Its Impact on Station Coordinates’ Repeatability

Nistor,

Suba,

Buda

et al. 2024

Remote Sensing

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When processing the carrier phase, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) grants the highest precision for geodetic measurements. The analysis centers (ACs) from the International GNSS Service (IGS) provide different data such as precise clock data, precise orbits, reference frame, ionosphere and troposphere data, as well as other geodetic products. Each individual AC has its own strategy for delivering the abovementioned products, with one of the key elements being the cutoff elevation angle. Typically, this angle is arbitrarily chosen using generic values without studying the impact of this choice on the obtained results, in particular when very precise positions are considered. This article addresses this issue. To this end, the article has two key sections, and the first is to evaluate the impact of using the two different cutoff elevation angles that are most widely used: (a) 3 degrees cutoff and (b) 10 degrees cutoff elevation angle. This analysis is completed in two major parts: (i) the analysis of the root mean square (RMS) for the carrier phase and (ii) the analysis of the station position in terms of repeatability. The second key section of the paper is a comprehensive carrier phase analysis conducted by adopting a new approach using a mean of the 25-point average RMS (A-RMS) and the single-point RMS and using an ionosphere-free linear combination. By using the ratio between the 25-point average RMS and the single-point RMS we can define the type of scatter that dominates the phase solution. The analyzed data span a one-year period. The tested GNSS stations belong to the EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) and the International GNSS Service (IGS). These comprise 55 GNSS stations, of which only 23 GNSS stations had more than 95% data availability for the entire year. The RMS and A-RMS are analyzed in conjunction with the precipitable water vapor (PWV), which shows clear signs of temporal correlation. Of the 23 GNSS stations, three stations show an increase of around 50% of the phase RMS when using a 3° cutoff elevation angle, and only four stations have a difference of 5% between the phase RMS when using both cutoff elevation angles. When using the A-RMS, there is an average improvement of 37% of the phase scatter for the 10° cutoff elevation angle, whereas for the 3° cutoff elevation angle, the improvement is around 33%. Based on studying this ratio, four stations indicate that the scatter is dominated by the stronger-than-usual dominance of long-period variations, whereas the others show short-term noise. In terms of station position repeatability, the weighted root mean square (WRMS) is used as an indicator, and the results between the differences of using a 3° and 10° cutoff elevation angle strategy show a difference of −0.16 mm for the North component, −0.21 mm for the East component and a value of −0.75 mm for the Up component, indicating the importance of using optimal cutoff angles.

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“…As shown in Figure 1, our proposed technique works in five steps: (1) image segmentation, (2) line detection and segment clustering, (3) vanishing line estimation, (4) stratification of projective rectification, and (5) displacement measurement. In the rest of this section, we provide technical details for steps (1)- (4). Having obtained the projective transformation H, any image-tracked point can be projected to the world plane and the displacement of this point in plane is then obtained by calculating the Euclidean distance between this point and the stationary point with a global scale factor.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the recent development of sensing and robotic technologies, new generation displacement sensing techniques, including Global Positioning System (GPS), Speckle Photography, and laser Doppler vibrometer, provide significant advantages to supplement accelerometers for structural response monitoring. However, utilization of these techniques has to overcome many practical limitations such as the issue of obstructions, the requirement of high set costs, the need of stable platform, complex data interpretation, and hardly fully assessed accuracy [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision-Based Building Seismic Displacement Measurement by Stratification of Projective Rectification Using Lines

Guo

Xiang

Fujita

et al. 2020

Sensors

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We propose a new flexible technique for accurate vision-based seismic displacement measurement of building structures via a single non-stationary camera with any perspective view. No a priori information about the camera’s parameters or only partial knowledge of the internal camera parameters is required, and geometric constraints in the world coordinate system are employed for projective rectification in this research. Whereas most projective rectifications are conducted by specifying the positions of four or more fixed reference points, our method adopts a stratified approach to partially determine the projective transformation from line-based geometric relationships on the world plane. Since line features are natural and plentiful in a man-made architectural building environment, robust estimation techniques for automatic projective/affine distortion removal can be applied in a more practical way. Both simulations and real-recorded data were used to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method. We hope that the proposed method could advance the consumer-grade camera system for vision-based structural measurement one more step, from laboratory environments to real-world structural health monitoring systems.

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GPS Measured Response of a Tall Building due to a Distant Mw 7.3 Earthquake

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Investigating Performance of High-Rate GNSS-PPP and PPP-AR for Structural Health Monitoring: Dynamic Tests on Shake Table

Investigating Performance of High-Rate GNSS-PPP and PPP-AR for Structural Health Monitoring: Dynamic Tests on Shake Table

Comprehensive Analysis on GPS Carrier Phase under Various Cutoff Elevation Angles and Its Impact on Station Coordinates’ Repeatability

Vision-Based Building Seismic Displacement Measurement by Stratification of Projective Rectification Using Lines

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