Graded motor responses in the time course of categorizing atypical exemplars

Dale, Rick; Kehoe, Caitlin M.; Spivey, Michael J.

doi:10.3758/bf03195938

Cited by 221 publications

(305 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Researchers have looked to realtime hand movements, as we did here using mouse tracking, to flesh out the interactive and continuously evolving nature of mental processes. Such work has found evidence for the continuous dynamics in spoken language processing (Spivey, Grosjean, & Knoblich, 2005), semantic categorization (Dale, Kehoe, & Spivey, 2007), and visual search (Song & Nakayama, 2008), among others (Spivey, 2007). We believe that a dynamic approach to social perception and cognition could be similarly insightful (e.g., Freeman et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motions of the Hand Expose the Partial and Parallel Activation of Stereotypes

2009

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ABSTRACT-Perceivers spontaneously sort other people's faces into social categories and activate the stereotype knowledge associated with those categories. In the work described here, participants, presented with sex-typical and sex-atypical faces (i.e., faces containing a mixture of male and female features), identified which of two gender stereotypes (one masculine and one feminine) was appropriate for the face. Meanwhile, their hand movements were measured by recording the streaming x, y coordinates of the computer mouse. As participants stereotyped sex-atypical faces, real-time motor responses exhibited a continuous spatial attraction toward the opposite-gender stereotype. These data provide evidence for the partial and parallel activation of stereotypes belonging to alternate social categories. Thus, perceptual cues of the face can trigger a graded mixture of simultaneously active stereotype knowledge tied to alternate social categories, and this mixture settles over time onto ultimate judgments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motions of the Hand Expose the Partial and Parallel Activation of Stereotypes

2009

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“…Such a dynamic continuity account, integral to an emergent continuity of mind framework (Spivey, 2007;Spivey & Dale, 2004) rooted in the dynamical systems approach to cognitive science (Port & van Gelder, 1995) and attractor neural network models, argues that perceptual-cognitive processing exhibits continuous-and not discrete-changes in the salience of multiple simultaneously activated representations. Indeed, growing evidence for the continuous dynamics in real-time cognition (Dale, Kehoe, & Spivey, 2007;Farmer, Anderson, & Spivey, 2007;Spivey, 2007;Spivey & Dale, 2004Spivey, Grosjean, & Knoblich, 2005;Spivey, Richardson, & Dale, in press) suggests that, across the course of a given cognitive process, as the cognitive system dynamically approximates one of competing mental states (e.g., Male or Female), it entertains a graded mixture of partially consistent representations that continuously flow into-rather than discretely arrive at-a stable response (e.g., "I see a male! ").…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Various behavioral techniques have been used to provide indirect evidence for this dynamic flux of partial and simultaneous activation of multiple representations, which continuously cascade into later processing stages and gradually settle on eventual categorical outcomes (see Dale et al, 2007;Spivey & Dale, 2004). Most of these techniques involve continuous real-time measures, such as online hand movements (e.g., Dale et al, 2007;Spivey & Dale, 2004Spivey et al, in press) and eye movements (e.g., McMurray, Tannenhaus, Aslin, & Spivey, 2003;Spivey, Tanenhaus, Eberhard, & Sedivy, 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

Will a category cue attract you? Motor output reveals dynamic competition across person construal.

Freeman

Ambady

Rule

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

171

213

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People use social categories to perceive others, extracting category cues to glean membership. Growing evidence for continuous dynamics in real-time cognition suggests, contrary to prevailing social psychological accounts, that person construal may involve dynamic competition between simultaneously active representations. To test this, the authors examined social categorization in real-time by streaming the x, y coordinates of hand movements as participants categorized typical and atypical faces by sex. Though judgments of atypical targets were largely accurate, online motor output exhibited a continuous spatial attraction toward the opposite sex category, indicating dynamic competition between multiple social category alternatives. The authors offer a dynamic continuity account of social categorization and provide converging evidence across categorizations of real male and female faces (containing a typical or an atypical sex-specifying cue) and categorizations of computer-generated male and female faces (with subtly morphed sex-typical or sex-atypical features). In 3 studies, online motor output revealed continuous dynamics underlying person construal, in which multiple simultaneously and partially active category representations gradually cascade into social categorical judgments. Such evidence is challenging for discrete stage-based accounts.

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“…Mouse tracking tasks have recently been used across a range of domains, including speech sound categorization (Farmer, Liu, Mehta, & Zevin, 2009), syntactic processing (Farmer, Anderson, & Spivey, 2007;Farmer, Cargill, Hindy, Dale, & Spivey, 2007), semantic categorization (Dale, Kehoe, & Spivey, 2007), attention-related processes (Hindy, Hamilton, Houghtling, Coslett, & Thompson-Schill, 2009), evaluative thinking (Dale & Duran, 2011;McKinstry, Dale, & Spivey, 2008), deceptive responding (Duran, Dale, & McNamara, 2010;Duran, Roche, Snyder, & McCall, 2008), and social perception and judgment (e. g. Freeman & Ambady, 2009;Freeman, Ambady, Rule, & Johnson, 2008;Wojnowicz, Ferguson, Dale, & Spivey, 2008). Stated broadly, experimental results have consistently demonstrated that arm movements (as measured by the movement trajectories of the computer mouse or other devices) systematically reflect ongoing cognitive processes in a wide range of tasks (for reviews of this literature, see Freeman, Dale, & Farmer, 2011;Song & Nakayama, 2009).…”

Section: Computer-mouse Tracking and The Dynamics Of Response Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaching into response selection: Stimulus and response similarity influence central operations.

Wifall¹,

Buss²,

Farmer³

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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iv ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the impact of stimulus and response similarity on response selection. Traditional models of response selection invoke a central processor that operates like a look-up table by matching the perceptually classified stimulus (e.g., green square) to the specified response (e.g., right button press). The look-up property of response selection affords the system the ability to map any stimulus onto any response, even if that stimulus-response has never been paired before. Under such an approach, the degree of perceptual similarity or dissimilarity that exists among stimuli in the environment should have little effect on central operations, the similarity or dissimilarity of the motor response executed in response to a stimulus should not influence response selection, and no interaction between stimulus and response features is permitted, given that stimulus features affect the encoding process, and response features affect the output process, but not response selection itself.Eight studies examine the influence of stimulus and response similarity during response selection. The first two experiments establish the interaction across different task demands between stimulus and response similarity. The interaction was not the result of perceptual difficulty (Experiment 3) and was extended to a new set of stimuli (Experiment 4). A consequence of the design in Experiments 1 -4 was that response condition was confounded with response configuration. In one of the response conditions the target location had three competitors on one side of it compared to the other condition where the target had one competitor on one side and two others on the other side.Experiments 5 and 6 examined the separate roles that response configuration and response metrics had on the interaction between stimulus and response similarity. The mechanism that produced the interaction was the result of competition between partially activated stimulus-response alternatives. Experiments 7 and 8 further explored the role of competition during response selection by turning to traditional response selection methodologies that introduce competition through either the presentation of irrelevant v stimulus information or through presenting the stimulus along an irrelevant spatial dimension.These data have broad implications for models of RS. To account for the ability to pair any stimulus modality with any response modality dominant accounts of RS assume that central operations are performed by a generic set of processes that operate over representations that are stripped of metric information (amodal representations).Response selection works as a look-up table that receives a categorized stimulus as an input and returns an abstract response code as output. This type of model cannot produce an interaction between stimulus and response similarity and thus, the present data provide a serious challenge to these types of models. Finally, the data provide evidence that the metric relationship between stimuli and response matter an...

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Graded motor responses in the time course of categorizing atypical exemplars

Cited by 221 publications

References 76 publications

Motions of the Hand Expose the Partial and Parallel Activation of Stereotypes

Motions of the Hand Expose the Partial and Parallel Activation of Stereotypes

Will a category cue attract you? Motor output reveals dynamic competition across person construal.

Reaching into response selection: Stimulus and response similarity influence central operations.

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