Gradient titration.  Novel approach to continuous monitoring using ion-selective electrodes

Fleet, B.; Ho, A. Y. W.

doi:10.1021/ac60337a038

Cited by 54 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The reagent addition can be executed intermittently or continuously using volumetric methods, controlled dispersion, or in situ reagent generation (e.g., by coulometry) [31][32][33][34][35]. The course of the titration is followed with flow-through detection cells situated downstream in the flow system.…”

Section: Flow Titrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical detection in liquid flow analytical techniques: Characterization and classification (IUPAC Technical Report)

Tóth¹,

Štulı́k²,

Kutner³

et al. 2004

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Liquid flow analytical techniques are classified, and definitions are provided of flow-injection analysis, segmented flow analysis, flow titration, continuous monitoring, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. Electrochemical detection and flow through detection cells are characterized with respect to the surface and bulk detection. The detector performance is discussed in terms of its principal analytical parameters, such as detection limit and dynamic concentration range, as well as its dynamic characteristics, such as the response time, sampling frequency, transport lag, and long-term stability. Moreover, different detection modes are critically evaluated, including both potentiostatic and galvano-static techniques. Factors influencing sensitivity and detection limit, which include electronic and hydrodynamic approach, are also discussed. Different detector designs are critically reviewed, and the special features of electrochemical detectors for flow analytical techniques are emphasized.

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Section: Flow Titrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical detection in liquid flow analytical techniques: Characterization and classification (IUPAC Technical Report)

Tóth¹,

Štulı́k²,

Kutner³

et al. 2004

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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show abstract

“…In this method, a manual titration curve is needed to determine the end-point potential under particular conditions prior to analysis. Fleet et al 42 proposed a gradient titration principle; the flow rates of the sample and the titrant streams are kept constant, the concentration of the titrant being increased in the form of a gradient. The resulting mixture of the titrant and the sample, forming a continuous stream, is monitored by an ion-selective electrode, which thus indicates the end-point of the titration.…”

Section: ·5 Potentiometric Flow Titrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Novel Redox Systems by Use of Ligand Effect and Its Application to Potentiometry

2000

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“…Titration in multisegmented continuous¯ow systems has been described by Fleet and Ho [25]. In this system, the sample and titrant¯ow rates are maintained constant while the concentration of the titrant is varied, providing a concentration gradient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous multiple injection to perform titration and standard addition in mono-segmented flow analysis

Raimundo¹

2001

Journal of Automated Methods & Management in Chemistry

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An automated system to perform titration and standard addition in monosegemented £ow analysis by employing the simultaneous multiple injection is described. The system was controlled by a PC-AT-386 microcomputer through a home-made parallel interface, employing a diode array spectrophotometer as detector. Software was written in QuickBasic 4.5 to control the system and for data acquisition. A three-way solenoid valve was used in conjunction with a proportional injector to add the titrant solution or the standard solution to the sample, to carry out titration or standard addition, respectively. Only one standard solution was used in each procedure and di¡erent quantities of titrant or standard were added to the sample by controlling the time interval in which the solenoid valve was switched on. Titration and standard addition curves similar to those of the manual methods were obtained in both cases, since the sample dispersion was very low due to the air bubbles of the monosegment. The titration system was evaluated through the determination of Fe(II) with a KMnO 4 standard solution in pharmaceutical preparations. The standard addition process was assessed by determining Cr(VI) in natural waters and domestic wastewater using the diphenylcarbazide method. The results obtained in both methodologies did not di¡er signi¢cantly from the reference methods at a 95% con¢dence level.

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Gradient titration. Novel approach to continuous monitoring using ion-selective electrodes

Cited by 54 publications

References 6 publications

Electrochemical detection in liquid flow analytical techniques: Characterization and classification (IUPAC Technical Report)

Electrochemical detection in liquid flow analytical techniques: Characterization and classification (IUPAC Technical Report)

Development of Novel Redox Systems by Use of Ligand Effect and Its Application to Potentiometry

Simultaneous multiple injection to perform titration and standard addition in mono-segmented flow analysis

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