Grading Scales

Efron, Nathan

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-7611-4.00002-9

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…They were matched according to age (±4 yrs) and sex at a ratio of 1:1 to 51 patients with Demodex blepharitis who were not treated with topical ivermectin 1% cream but instead with eyelid hygiene (control group). Demodex blepharitis was diagnosed when all 4 of the following conditions were met 15,16 : 1) when cylindrical dandruff was observed at the eyelashes; 2) when ocular discomfort related to blepharitis, such as itching and irritation, was present 17 ; 3) when all 3 anterior blepharitis signs of eyelid debris, eyelid redness/swelling, and eyelid telangiectasia had a grade of mild or higher in both eyes 18–21 ; and 4) when 4 or more mites were observed on 1 eyelash during the observation of a total of 8 eyelashes under a microscope by pulling out 2 eyelashes from each eyelid (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eyelid debris grade for evaluating cylindrical dandruff in the eyelashes and the eyelid redness/swelling grade were all evaluated as absent, mild, moderate, severe, or very severe (0–4 points). 18–20 Eyelid telangiectasia was graded as no findings, mild, moderate, or severe (0–3 points). 21 In the ivermectin group, the occurrence of side effects from the use of topical ivermectin 1% cream on the eyelashes was evaluated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of Topical Ivermectin 1% in the Treatment of Demodex Blepharitis

Choi

Eom

Yoon

et al. 2021

Cornea

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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical ivermectin 1% cream application on the eyelashes in combination with eyelid hygiene in the treatment of Demodex blepharitis.Methods:One hundred two eyes of 102 patients with symptomatic Demodex blepharitis were divided into 2 groups according to the use of topical ivermectin in this retrospective case–control study. The ivermectin group (n = 51) applied topical ivermectin 1% cream on the eyelashes for 15 minutes once weekly, but the control group (n = 51) did not. In both groups, eyelid hygiene was performed once daily. The Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) symptom questionnaire score, Oxford staining score, eyelid debris, eyelid redness/swelling, and telangiectasia were assessed during the follow-up visits.Results:The mean follow-up periods of the ivermectin and control groups were 15.1 ± 9.7 weeks and 14.8 ± 8.6 weeks, respectively. The SPEED score and eyelid debris grade were significantly improved in both groups during the follow-up, although the SPEED score and eyelid debris grade showed greater changes in the ivermectin group than in the control group. The Oxford staining score, eyelid redness/swelling grade, and telangiectasia grade were significantly improved only in the ivermectin group but not in the control group.Conclusions:In patients with Demodex blepharitis, the use of topical ivermectin 1% cream for 15 minutes once weekly in addition to eyelid hygiene had more significantly improved symptoms, ocular surface staining, eyelid debris, redness/swelling, and telangiectasia as compared with eyelid hygiene alone. These findings support the efficacy of topical ivermectin 1% cream application in the treatment of Demodex blepharitis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Topical Ivermectin 1% in the Treatment of Demodex Blepharitis

Choi

Eom

Yoon

et al. 2021

Cornea

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“…Bulbar redness and TBUT were evaluated using a digital high-definition slit-lamp biomicroscope (HD-SLB; Model SL 990, SLB Mega Digital Vision HR, Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici, Italy) at primary gaze and under standard illumination and magnification [28]. Bulbar redness was graded using the Efron grading scale [29]. Fluorescein TBUT was recorded using HD-SLB built-in imaging software.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immediate effects of artificial tears with and without preservatives containing hyaluronic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose

Arif,

Hilmi,

Rejab

et al. 2023

Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Optom

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Background: Currently, hyaluronic acid (HA) and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) are common polymers incorporated in artificial tears (ATs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immediate effect of preservative- and preservative-free HA- and CMC-containing ATs on tear-film parameters and determine patient preference after AT instillation. Methods: In this prospective, double-blind, randomized, comparative study, we assessed fluorescein tear break-up time (TBUT), bulbar redness, and tear ferning pattern (TFP) up to 60 min after the instillation of ATs with and without preservatives containing HA and CMC in the recruited participants. To test patient preference, each patient was administered with the Ora Calibra™ Ocular Discomfort and 4-Symptom Questionnaire (OOD4SQ; scale of 0–5) before and 60 min after the instillation of ATs. The selection of 14 descriptive words based the 11-point Ora Calibra™ Drop Comfort Scale (ODCS; scale of 0–10) was administered immediately after instillation of each AT to test the drop comfort score. Results: We enrolled 200 eyes of 200 patients, including 163 (81.5%) women and 37 (18.5%) men, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 28.38 (5.42) years. Immediately or 5, 15, or 60 min after the instillation, the mean TBUT did not differ by presence of preservatives, HA, or CMC (all P > 0.05). However, it was significantly higher 5-min post-instillation compared to baseline and significantly lower 15- and 60-min post-instillation (all P < 0.05). The mean grade of bulbar redness immediately or 3, 5, 15, or 60 min after instillation did not differ by presence of preservatives for HA or CMC containing ATs (all P < 0.05). It did not differ significantly 3-, 5-, 15-, or 60-min post-instillation compared to baseline (all P > 0.05). The mean drop comfort scale after the instillation of ATs did not differ significantly by presence of preservatives, HA, or CMC (all P < 0.05). Positive descriptive words were selected by a higher proportion of participants in both groups. According to OOD4SQ, the overall discomfort and mean dryness scores improved significantly after instillation of HA-containing ATs (both P < 0.05), while the mean burning sensation, grittiness, and stinging scores remained unchanged (all P > 0.05). The overall discomfort and mean scores for each ocular symptom (P < 0.05), except for stinting (P > 0.05), improved significantly after instillation of CMC-containing ATs. The TFP did not change significantly from baseline to 60 min after the instillation of any AT (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Both ATs with and without preservatives containing HA and CMC produced positive short-term objective and subjective effects. However, TBUT, TFP, bulbar redness, and patient feedback were comparable for both HA- and CMC-containing ATs. Further trials with longer observation periods or the recruitment of patients with different severities of dry eye could provide more robust and clinically applicable conclusions.

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Repeatability and Reproducibility of Automated Quantitative Conjunctival Hyperemia Analysis Software (Preprint)

Hansapinyo¹,

Pathanapitoon²,

Tananuvat³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BACKGROUND The degree of conjunctival hyperemia reflects the severity of various ocular disease. Most of clinical grading systems rely on individual physicians and it is difficult to compare between clinical examinations. We developed automated grading software to objectively assess conjunctival hyperemia. OBJECTIVE To assess the repeatability and reproducibility of newly developed automated quantitative conjunctival hyperemia analysis software. METHODS Eighty images of twenty glaucoma patients who were using at least one anti-glaucoma medication and complained of conjunctival hyperemia were collected. All patients’ severity of conjunctival hyperemia was evaluated by newly developed automated conjunctival hyperemia grading software into 4 levels: blood vessel, strong red area, weak red area and non-red area. Automatic registration was applied for improving the software repeatability and reproducibility. RESULTS Spearman correlation coefficient values(rs) values of 0.884, 0.982 and 0.932 for blood vessel area, strong red area and weak red area of two measurements of the same image, respectively. Spearman correlation coefficient (rs) values of 0.988, 0.992 and 0.995 for blood vessel area, strong red area and weak red area of two images of the same eye, respectively. The clinical grading had the best correlation with the summation of blood vessel and strong red area, following with strong red area. CONCLUSIONS The proposed conjunctival hyperemia analysis software provides an automatically quantitative objective assessment of conjunctival hyperemia with excellent repeatability and reproducibility including excellent correlation with clinical grading by ophthalmologists. This algorithm including the automatic region of interest (ROI) registration between two images system give precise results in comparing the conjunctival hyperemic change in clinical practice.

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Grading Scales

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Efficacy of Topical Ivermectin 1% in the Treatment of Demodex Blepharitis

Efficacy of Topical Ivermectin 1% in the Treatment of Demodex Blepharitis

Immediate effects of artificial tears with and without preservatives containing hyaluronic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose

Repeatability and Reproducibility of Automated Quantitative Conjunctival Hyperemia Analysis Software (Preprint)

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