“…The versatility of various XRD systems makes them suitable for utilization in such characterization routines as quantitative phase identification, crystal structure determination, and residual stresses measurements, to name a few [1]. Extensive studies [2][3][4][5] have incorporated into their recorded results measurements of residual stresses, proportions of retained austenite and martensite, or a combination of these measurements to correlate the effect of phase transformations to the resultant magnitude of residual stresses. Like other nondestructive testing techniques, however, XRD has limitations.…”