Grafting of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate on to the surface of carbon fibers via anionic polymerization

Raghavendran, V. K.; Drzal, Lawrence T.

doi:10.1163/156855402753642863

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The degree of polymerization of PC was found to be low, while that of PMMA was high. A detailed description of the grafting process and the amount and molecular weight of the polymer grafted on to the surface of the carbon fiber is given in [5,6]. The hydrogenated fibers were also grafted with PMMA in a similar manner.…”

Section: Experimental Materials and Processing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adhesion of Thermoplastic Matrices to Carbon Fibers: Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight and Fiber Surface Chemistry

Drzal

Raghavendran

2003

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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A structure property study between the interfacial adhesion and the polymer molecular weight, fiber chemistry and processing temperature in thermoplastic composites was undertaken. In the first phase of the study, four different molecular weight grades of pure bisphenol A polycarbonate (BPA-PC) and three different consolidation temperatures were used. Molecular weight and processing temperatures were found to have significant effect on interfacial adhesion, with a major increase in adhesion between the low molecular weight grade, which is below the critical molecular weight and the next higher molecular weight grade and a monotonous increase, but to a lesser degree above the critical limit. Further, the study shows that the interface might affect the segregation of polymer chains by their molecular weight resulting in a higher concentration of low molecular weight chains at the interface and consequent loss in mechanical properties [1]. In the second phase of the study, Hercules IM7 carbon fiber with four different levels of proprietary oxidative surface treatment and subsequent hydrogen passivation were employed to determine the effects of fiber chemistry on the interfacial adhesion. It was observed that, differing amount of surface oxygen functionalities have no effect on the level of adhesion, indicating insignificant polar or hydrogen bonding interactions between the fiber and the matrix. The level of adhesion was also found to be very weakly dependent on mechanical interlocking between the fiber and the matrix. In the third phase of the study, BPA-PC and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were grafted on the surface of carbon fiber to study the effect of grafted chain length and entanglement on improvement in adhesion over ungrafted fiber composites. Grafting polymer chains to the fiber surface produced a penetrable interface, which improved adhesion levels by 25-100% over the ungrafted composites. The improvement in adhesion was independent of molecular weight of the grafted chains.

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Section: Experimental Materials and Processing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adhesion of Thermoplastic Matrices to Carbon Fibers: Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight and Fiber Surface Chemistry

Drzal

Raghavendran

2003

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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“…The ‘grafting to’ method is the most widely used process for polymer‐grafted carbon fibres (PCFs). The ready‐made polymers with reactive end groups react with the functional groups on the CF surfaces 7–9. Recently, the ‘grafting from’ method has been developed for the surface‐initiated radical,10 cationic11 or anionic polymerization12 on CF surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) of methyl methacrylate from carbon fibre

Liu

2005

Polymer International

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Surface modification of carbon fibre (CF) by well-defined polymer brushes was carried out using the 'grafting from' method. Poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted carbon fibre (CF-PMMA) was successfully prepared by surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) from the macro-initiator, bromo-acetic ester-modified carbon fibre (CF-BrA), with the complex of 1,10-phenanthroline and Cu(I)Br as catalyst. The percentage of grafting (PG%) and the conversion of monomer (C%) increased linearly with increasing of polymerization time, and reached 24.0 % and 6.7 %, respectively, after a polymerization time of 6 h, calculated from the elemental analyses (EA). The structural and surface morphological analyses were conducted with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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“…Several different possibilities exist to deposit coatings onto carbon fibers. However, if one is aiming to covalently attach polymeric coatings or interlayers to carbon fiber surfaces, there are only three methods available: plasma polymer deposition [12][13][14][15][16][17], electropolymerization or -deposition [8][9][10][11]18], and in situ chemical grafting reactions [19][20][21][22][23][24]. In earlier studies, we showed that it is possible to tune the carbon fiber chemistry and functionality and thereby their surface properties, i.e., hydrophilic/ hydrophobic character, by grafting suited monomers such as methacrylic acid (MAA) [25], 2-(N,N-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) [26] and various liquid crystalline monomers [27,28] onto carbon fibers via simple free radical bulk polymerization in the presence of the carbon fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polystyrene-grafted Carbon Fibers: Surface Properties and Adhesion to Polystyrene

Bismarck

Pfaffernoschke

Springer

et al. 2005

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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It is highly desirable to improve attractive interactions between carbon fibers and unreactive thermoplastic matrices to the possible maximum. This could be achieved by a simple grafting process to create a covalently bonded interface or interlayer, which should result in cohesive interactions between the polymer-grafted fibers and the same matrix material, leading to a better adhesion strength in the obtained composite material. Here, we are describing the grafting of styrene onto unmodified and unsized carbon fibers via free-radical bulk polymerization in the presence of fibers. After grafting, the surface properties of the carbon fiber *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: a.bismarck@imperial.ac.uk approach those of pure polystyrene which was proven by contact angle and zeta (-) potential measurements. As indicated by the water contact angle, the carbon fiber surface becomes more hydrophobic. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides evidence of grafted polymer. This simple procedure results in a continuous polystyrene coating. The fiber diameter increases significantly after polymer grafting. The adhesion and fracture behavior between the original and polystyrene-grafted carbon fibers to a polystyrene (VESTYRON Õ ) matrix was characterized using the single-fiber pull-out test. There is a considerable increase in the measurable adhesion, i.e., the interfacial shear strength IFSS , by almost 300% between the grafted fibers and polystyrene as compared to untreated original fibers. Two planes of interfacial failure could be distinguished; first in the fiber coating interface leading to lower interfacial shear strength and second in the PS-matrix-PS-coating interphase resulting in a higher interfacial shear strength. In addition to the improved adhesion, there are also clear differences in the pull-out behavior between the nongrafted and grafted fibers. After the initial debonding process corresponding to the maximal pull-out force is completed, the pull-out force is increasing again.

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Grafting of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate on to the surface of carbon fibers via anionic polymerization

Cited by 11 publications

References 36 publications

Adhesion of Thermoplastic Matrices to Carbon Fibers: Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight and Fiber Surface Chemistry

Adhesion of Thermoplastic Matrices to Carbon Fibers: Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight and Fiber Surface Chemistry

Surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) of methyl methacrylate from carbon fibre

Polystyrene-grafted Carbon Fibers: Surface Properties and Adhesion to Polystyrene

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