Grafting of Styrene Onto Polybutadiene Latices in Batch and Semi-Continuous Reactors

Sundberg, Donald C.; Arndt, Joseph W.; Tang, Ming-Ya

doi:10.1080/01932698408943230

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…On the other hand, higher temperature may reduce the viscosity of the system and increase the mobility of the molecular chains to facilitate the grafting reaction. Furthermore, Sundberg et al 2 states that the major influence of temperature was that the actual concentration of monomer in the particle can be very low at higher temperatures.…”

Section: The Influence Of Process Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factorial experimental design for grafting of vinyl monomers onto natural rubber latex

Arayapranee

Rempel

2004

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Graft copolymerization of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of natural rubber latex using cumene hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine redox initiator system was prepared at various process variables. The synthesized graft copolymers were purified and then characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis. A full 2 4 factorial experimental design was applied to study the effect of various process variables on grafting efficiency. The following four independent variables considered to be mainly affecting the grafting efficiency were reaction temperature, rubber-to-monomer ratio, St-to-MMA ratio, and initiator amount used in the secondary polymerization. It was shown in this study that the reaction temperature significantly influenced the grafting efficiency, increasing as the temperature was increased. The amount of grafting increased with increasing rubber-tomonomer ratio and St-to-MMA ratio, whereas the amount of grafting decreased with increasing amount of initiator.

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Section: The Influence Of Process Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sum of squares (SS) for any main and interaction effect is SS effect ϭ 2 kϪ2 (effect) 2 , where k is known as the number of effects. The error sum of square (SS error ) is a result of the differences between the total sum of square and the sum over all the SS main effect and SS interaction effect .…”

Section: The Influence Of Process Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factorial experimental design for grafting of vinyl monomers onto natural rubber latex

Arayapranee

Rempel

2004

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Some parameter fitting was required to get reasonable agreement with the data. Finally, the same authors applied the radical gradient to the two-phase Reaction Kinetics of Two Phase Latex Particles 435 emulsion polymerization grafting data of Tang and Arndt (Sundberg et al, 1984) and their own grafting data. In every instance they found reinforcement of the idea that radicals do not distribute themselves uniformly in the particles (Chern and Poehlein, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mathematical Model for the Emulsion Polymerization Reaction Kinetics of Two Phase Latex Particles

Durant

Carrier

Sundberg

2003

Polymer Reaction Engineering

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Many of today's industrial applications of emulsion polymers require the creation of polymer particles with specifically designed structures. A fair amount of work has been done on predicting and controlling particle morphology, and it is recognized that the reaction kinetics often play an important role in determining that morphology. The present work describes a procedure to calculate the reaction rate for two-phase latex particles by extending the classic Smith -Ewart concepts to the more complicated situation. The model involves a complete account of radical events in both polymeric phases. Eight rate parameters are necessary to completely describe the system. A particle population distribution is generated to reflect the probability of specific particles to have two distinct numbers of radicals in each phase. Simple statistics on this population allow the calculation of the average number of radicals for each polymeric phase. The model collapses to the correct answers when applied to single-phase particles and results in the prediction of the number of radicals in each of the phases when applied to structured particles. Several examples are described for core -shell (or inverted core -shell) and hemispherical particles in which the polymer Tg, monomer concentration and radical entry rates are varied. In addition, the effects of radical transfer rates between the polymer phases are highlighted. Such effects are found to be important for some polymer systems and not so important for others. The model is readily extendible to occluded structures. Since the reaction kinetics are concluded to be significantly dependent upon the particle morphology, it is clear that morphology development and reaction kinetics are coupled processes and need to be treated simultaneously in order to produce an effective overall model for two-phase emulsion polymers.

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“…For graft copolymerization of ST on cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene, the polymerization rate and the polystyrene (PS) molecular weight decreased with the rubber content, and the grafting efficiency (GE) was found to be independent of the peroxide concentration, but to increase with rubber content . Moreover, the grafting of ST onto polybutadiene in batch and semi‐continuous reactors were also investigated, and the results showed that the GE increased with increasing temperature but decreased with increasing concentration of a chain‐transfer agent …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of styrene‐g‐polyisoprene nanoparticles by emulsion polymerization and its effect on properties of polyisoprene composites

Suppaibulsuk

Rempel

Prasassarakich

2011

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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The graft copolymerization of styrene onto nanosized polyisoprene (PIP) was carried out by using cumene hydroperoxide and tetraethylene pentamine as redox initiators. The high conversion and high degree of grafting could be achieved when a small particle was used as the core polymer. The grafting efficiency and monomer conversion increased with increasing reaction temperature and monomer concentration. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the small PIP nanoparticles were completely coated with polystyrene (PS) by grafting resulting in a core shell morphology of nanosized graft PIP. Nanosized PIP and nanosized PS‐g‐PIP could be used as compatibilizers for vulcanized rubber latex. The addition of nanosized PIP and PS‐g‐PIP strongly influenced the mechanical properties of the natural rubber (NR)‐based compound. Incorporation of nanosized PIP and PS‐g‐PIP resulted in an improvement of the resistance of the compounds to heat aging. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Grafting of Styrene Onto Polybutadiene Latices in Batch and Semi-Continuous Reactors

Cited by 26 publications

References 9 publications

Factorial experimental design for grafting of vinyl monomers onto natural rubber latex

Factorial experimental design for grafting of vinyl monomers onto natural rubber latex

Mathematical Model for the Emulsion Polymerization Reaction Kinetics of Two Phase Latex Particles

Synthesis of styrene‐g‐polyisoprene nanoparticles by emulsion polymerization and its effect on properties of polyisoprene composites

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