Grafting of synthetic polymers to natural polymers by chemical processes

Mansour, Olfat Y.; Nagaty, Ahmed

doi:10.1016/0079-6700(85)90009-7

Cited by 64 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…Early reports on the topic reported the grafting of organic polymers, such as 4-methyl-2-oxy-3oxopent-4-ene and methyl methacrylate polymers [78,79], xylan [80], ethylbenzene, and styrene [81][82][83][84], onto lignin or lignin derivatives. The topic of polymer grafting of synthetic polymers onto lignocellulosic biopolymers has gained renewed relevance in the last two decades due to environmental and sustainability issues [27,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94].…”

Section: Cellulose Lignin and Lignocellulosic Biomasses As Backbonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Simulation of Polymerization Processes

2022

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Section: Cellulose Lignin and Lignocellulosic Biomasses As Backbonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Simulation of Polymerization Processes

2022

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“…21,22 Because of the above-mentioned thematic issues, the modification of these polymers is a very important step for the development of the natural polymer-based theranostic nanomedicines. Various strategies, including physical modification (e.g., conjugation of metal complexes 24 and biopolymers 21,25 or preparation of their blends with synthetic polymers using a coelectrospinning approach 26−28 ) and chemical modification (e.g., cross-linking, 29,30 functionalization through a chemical reaction, 31,32 and attachment of small 33 or macromolecules 34 ), are designed to address the problematic issues of natural polymers during biomedical usages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these types of biomaterials have some drawbacks such as batch to batch variation, poor mechanical properties (in most cases), expensive costs (in some cases such as collagen), complex architectures, low stability in aqueous and physiological environments, poor bioadhesive potential, uncontrolled rate of hydration, the possibility of microbial spoilage, and finally limited resources in some cases. , Because of the above-mentioned thematic issues, the modification of these polymers is a very important step for the development of the natural polymer-based theranostic nanomedicines. Various strategies, including physical modification (e.g., conjugation of metal complexes and biopolymers , or preparation of their blends with synthetic polymers using a coelectrospinning approach − ) and chemical modification (e.g., cross-linking, , functionalization through a chemical reaction, , and attachment of small or macromolecules), are designed to address the problematic issues of natural polymers during biomedical usages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemically Modified Natural Polymer-Based Theranostic Nanomedicines: Are They the Golden Gate toward a de Novo Clinical Approach against Cancer?

Jaymand

2019

ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.

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It is an unquestionable fact that cancer, also called malignancy, has or will soon become the major global health care problem with an increasing incidence worldwide. Conventional treatment approaches (e.g., radiation or chemotherapy) treat both cancerous and surrounding normal tissues simultaneously, which leads to a poor therapeutic effect on tumors and severe toxic side effects on healthy tissues. Considering these thematic issues, the design and development of more efficient treatment approaches is one of the most important demands of health care in the near future. In this context, the emergence of nanotechnology opens new opportunities for addressing the issues of conventional drug delivery systems (DDSs) for cancer therapy. Theranostic nanomedicines are indebted to the advent of nanotechnology and were introduced by Funkhouser in 2002. These nanomedicines are the newest DDSs that combine diagnostic and therapeutic properties into a single platform. Theranostic nanomedicines are generally composed of targeting agents, diagnostic tracers, effective drug(s), and biomaterial(s) as the matrix to the formulation. Among these, biomaterials have a pivotal role in theranostic nanomedicines due to their direct influence on the system effectiveness. In this context, natural polymers can be considered as potential candidates, mainly due to their inherent physicochemical as well as biological advantages. However, natural polymers have some drawbacks, which can be addressed through the chemical modification approach. In this review, we will highlight the recent progress in the development of theranostic nanomedicines based on chemically modified natural polymers as well as research prospects for the future.

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“…Therefore, grafting must be carried out with a initiator which is capable of creating active sites on the cellulose and inhibits the homocopolymerization and homopolymerization. From the literature survey, it is clear that ceric ions are capable of forming radicals easily at the backbone of the cellulose in the presence of a suitable amount of the acid . However, the grafting with ceric ions is reported to be less than five molecules of grafted polymer chain per molecule of the cellulose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graft Copolymerization of Acrylonitrile and Ethyl Methacrylate Comonomers on Cellulose Using Ceric Ions

Gupta

Sahoo

2001

Biomacromolecules

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The graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile and ethyl methacrylate from their binary mixtures onto cellulose has been carried out in the presence of Ce(IV) ions in acidic media at 30 +/- 0.1 degrees C. The graft copolymerization has shown an increasing trend on increasing the feed molarity of the comonomers and on increasing the reaction time. The analysis of grafted cellulose prepared with different feed compositions (f(AN)) has clearly indicated the existence of the synergistic effect of ethyl methacrylate on acrylonitrile which normally shows poor affinity for grafting on cellulose while used individually. The elemental analysis and IR data were used to determine the composition of grafted copolymers and reactivity ratios (r(1), r(2)) of the monomers using the Mayo and Lewis method. The reactivity ratios for acrylontrile and ethyl methacrylate have been found to be 0.68 and 1.15, respectively, which supported the alternate arrangement of the monomer blocks of individual monomers in the grafted chains. The rate of grafting has shown a square dependence on the concentration of the comonomers within the studied range of feed molarity from 0.5 to 2.5 mol dm(-3). The grafting data were used to calculate the number of grafted chains (N(g)), frequency of grafting (G(F)) per molecule of the cellulose and efficiency of grafting (G(E)). The variation in these parameters as a function of feed molarity, feed composition, and ceric ion concentration has been determined. The rate of ceric ion disappearance as a function of feed molarity and reaction time has provided strong support to consider the participation of ceric ions in the formation of free radicals at the backbone of the cellulose. On the basis of the experimental observations, reaction steps for grafting of monomers on cellulose have been proposed.

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Grafting of synthetic polymers to natural polymers by chemical processes

Cited by 64 publications

References 123 publications

Modeling and Simulation of Polymerization Processes

Modeling and Simulation of Polymerization Processes

Chemically Modified Natural Polymer-Based Theranostic Nanomedicines: Are They the Golden Gate toward a de Novo Clinical Approach against Cancer?

Graft Copolymerization of Acrylonitrile and Ethyl Methacrylate Comonomers on Cellulose Using Ceric Ions

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