Grain boundary melting in ice

Thomson, Erik S.; Hansen-Goos, Hendrik; Wettlaufer, J. S.; Wilen, Larry

doi:10.1063/1.4797468

Cited by 39 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Thus the theoretical treatment predicts that the temperature dependence of the layer thickness varies depending on which interactions are dominating (Wettlaufer, 1999;Dash et al, 2006). As a consequence of these predictions in certain cases thickness can behave non-monotonically with respect to temperature and/or impurity level (Benatov and Wettlaufer, 2004;Thomson, 2010;Thomson et al, 2013).…”

Section: Thermodynamics Of Surface Disordermentioning

confidence: 95%

A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Snow in the environment acts as a host to rich chemistry and provides a matrix for physical exchange of contaminants within the ecosystem. The goal of this review is to summarise the current state of knowledge of physical processes and chemical reactivity in surface snow with relevance to polar regions. It focuses on a description of impurities in distinct compartments present in surface snow, such as snow crystals, grain boundaries, crystal surfaces, and liquid parts. It emphasises the microscopic description of the ice surface and its link with the environment. Distinct differences between the disordered air–ice interface, often termed quasi-liquid layer, and a liquid phase are highlighted. The reactivity in these different compartments of surface snow is discussed using many experimental studies, simulations, and selected snow models from the molecular to the macro-scale. Although new experimental techniques have extended our knowledge of the surface properties of ice and their impact on some single reactions and processes, others occurring on, at or within snow grains remain unquantified. The presence of liquid or liquid-like compartments either due to the formation of brine or disorder at surfaces of snow crystals below the freezing point may strongly modify reaction rates. Therefore, future experiments should include a detailed characterisation of the surface properties of the ice matrices. A further point that remains largely unresolved is the distribution of impurities between the different domains of the condensed phase inside the snowpack, i.e. in the bulk solid, in liquid at the surface or trapped in confined pockets within or between grains, or at the surface. While surface-sensitive laboratory techniques may in the future help to resolve this point for equilibrium conditions, additional uncertainty for the environmental snowpack may be caused by the highly dynamic nature of the snowpack due to the fast metamorphism occurring under certain environmental conditions. Due to these gaps in knowledge the first snow chemistry models have attempted to reproduce certain processes like the long-term incorporation of volatile compounds in snow and firn or the release of reactive species from the snowpack. Although so far none of the models offers a coupled approach of physical and chemical processes or a detailed representation of the different compartments, they have successfully been used to reproduce some field experiments. A fully coupled snow chemistry and physics model remains to be developed.

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Section: Thermodynamics Of Surface Disordermentioning

confidence: 95%

A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow

et al. 2014

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“…Given that κ depends on d through ρ i , the resulting behavior of the layer thickness as a function of impurity concentration N i and undercooling ΔT can be quite complex as discussed in several studies (Wettlaufer, 1999;Benatov and Wettlaufer, 2004;Thomson et al, 2010;Hansen-Goos and Wettlaufer, 2010). The second contribution to I ðdÞ originates in London dispersion forces or van der Waals forces (Dash et al, 2006;French, 2010).…”

Section: Interfacial Premelting Of Icementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prime indicates that the n¼0 term carries a weight of 1 2 (see Bergström, 1997;French, 2010 and references therein). The fully retarded DLP theory has been applied to the premelting of ice for the ice/water/vapor (surface melting Elbaum and Schick, 1991), the ice/water/substrate (interfacial melting Wilen et al, 1995), and the ice/water/ice (grain boundary Benatov and Wettlaufer, 2004;Thomson et al, 2010) systems, and it is this latter situation that we focus on here. It is found that the surface melting of ice is incomplete due to the crossover in the relative polarizabilities of ice and water in the ultraviolet.…”

Section: Interfacial Premelting Of Icementioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 the grain boundary is connected to a reservoir in which a given impurity concentration (sodium chloride) is maintained at a constant value. Hence unlike in treatments where N i has been assumed constant (Wettlaufer, 1999;Benatov and Wettlaufer, 2004;Thomson et al, 2010;Hansen-Goos and Wettlaufer, 2010), one can take C i ¼ N i =d to be constant. This can simplify the result obtained from Eq.…”

Section: Experimental Search For Grain Boundary Premeltingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the edge of habitability and the extremes of liquidity

Hansen-Goos

Thomson

Wettlaufer

2014

Planetary and Space Science

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“…In premelting theory liquid melt evolves from crystalline surfaces as temperature and impurity change in ways that depend sensitively on the magnitude and fall-off of the relevant intermolecular interactions Thomson et al, 2010;Bartels-Rausch et al, 2014). Predicted sensitivities have been experimentally probed and observations confirm the basic theoretical assertions (Elbaum et al, 1993;Thomson et al, 2013). Although, the processes of nucleation and melting are not reversible, in both cases capturing the details requires an intimate understanding of the governing interactions.…”

Section: Discussion and Atmospheric Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Deposition-mode ice nucleation reexamined at temperatures below 200 K

et al. 2015

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Abstract. The environmental chamber of a molecular beam apparatus is used to study deposition nucleation of ice on graphite, alcohols and acetic and nitric acids at temperatures between 155 and 200 K. The critical supersaturations necessary to spontaneously nucleate water ice on six different substrate materials are observed to occur at higher supersaturations than are theoretically predicted. This contradictory result motivates more careful examination of the experimental conditions and the underlying basis of the current theories. An analysis based on classical nucleation theory supports the view that at these temperatures nucleation is primarily controlled by the rarification of the vapor and the strength of water's interaction with the substrate surface. The technique enables a careful probing of the underlying processes of ice nucleation and the substrate materials of study. The findings are relevant to atmospheric nucleation processes that are intrinsically linked to cold cloud formation and lifetime.

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Grain boundary melting in ice

Cited by 39 publications

References 23 publications

A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow

A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow

On the edge of habitability and the extremes of liquidity

Deposition-mode ice nucleation reexamined at temperatures below 200 K

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