Grain chalkiness is reduced by coordinating the biosynthesis of protein and starch in fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain under nitrogen fertilization

Fei, Liwei; Yang, Shichao; Ma, Anlingyang; Lunzhu, Cila; Wang, Min; Wang, Guanjun; Guo, Shiwei

doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2023.109098

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The key enzyme activities of C and N metabolism are the basis for revealing the formation of rice chalkiness; however, how their interaction affects rice chalkiness has not been fully elucidated [ 16 ]. In the current study, the key enzyme activities for C and N metabolism in grains were higher in the low-chalky variety, C2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The synthesis of proteins and starch and the accumulation patterns of composite starch granules depend on the genotype, source–sink supply relationships, grain filling stage, endogenous hormone accumulation, and the synthesis of primary and secondary inclusions in the C and N metabolism pathways [ 16 , 17 ]. These factors are key to chalkiness formation, either directly or indirectly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The involvement of reactive oxygen species in the induction of α-amylase in rice kernels under heat stress promotes kernel maturation and leads to increased chalkiness in rice grains by regulating the GA/ABA metabolism [ 21 ]. Further, storage proteins, amino acids, and starch accumulation synergistically modulate high-temperature stress-induced chalkiness [ 16 ]. N application increases the activities of the enzymes associated with N metabolism under high-temperature stress, which, in turn, increases the protein content of rice grains and leads to a decrease in chalkiness; however, the difference in starch content is negligible [ 22 ], indicating that chalkiness is regulated by the co-regulation of the starch and protein in the grains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under N deficiency, rice plants exhibit a poor nutrient supply, slower material transport and synthesis, insufficient grain filling, an increased number of empty grains, and an increased chalky grain rate and chalkiness. Under excessive N application, nutrient synthesis in rice plants and the grain filling rate are accelerated and grain filling fluctuates, which is not conducive to the accumulation of assimilates and grain filling, and is more likely to cause increased chalkiness [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen Fertilization

Guo,

Zhang,

Jiang

et al. 2024

Foods

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The important reason for the commercial value of hybrid rice suffering is due to excessive chalkiness, and the biosynthesis of starch and proteins is critical for regulating chalkiness; however, it is currently unclear how the application of N fertilizer affects grains to reduce their chalkiness and improve their quality. The 2019, 2020, and 2021 trials were conducted in a split-plot design, with high and low chalky varieties as the main plot and N fertilizer rate as the split-plot. The effects of fertilization with 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha−1 on the dynamic synthesis of starch, protein, and endogenous hormones and on the amino acid of hybrid indica rice kernels with different degrees of chalkiness were investigated. Grain physiological activity was higher in low-chalky varieties than in high-chalky varieties, and these physiological parameters were strongly associated with chalkiness formation. Higher N fertilization (150 and 225 kg N ha−1) significantly reduced the proportion of chalky grains (8.93–28.02%) and chalkiness (8.61–33.99%) compared with 75 kg N ha−1. Increased N fertilization decreased the activities of granule-bound starch synthase and starch-debranching enzyme, but significantly increased adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase, and starch-branching enzyme activities, synergistically improving glutamate synthetase and glutamine synthetase enzyme activities, which tended to support the synthesis of amylopectin, α-ketoglutarate, and 3-phosphoglyceric acid-derived amino acids in the endosperm cells of the grains; this favored starch and protein accumulation in the grains at 6–30 days after anthesis. Additionally, N application promoted the synthesis of endogenous hormones 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, gibberellins, and abscisic acid in grains. Hence, N fertilization reduced the rice chalkiness in hybrid indica rice varieties by balancing grain protein and starch composition and enhancing some endogenous hormone synthesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen Fertilization

Guo,

Zhang,

Jiang

et al. 2024

Foods

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Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the quality traits of Indica rice with different amylose contents

Wang,

Zhang,

Xiao

et al. 2024

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUNDNitrogen is a key factor affecting the quality of rice. Studying the impact of nitrogen fertilizer on the taste, physicochemical properties, and starch structure of Indica rice with different amylose contents is of great significance for scientifically fertilizing and cultivating high‐quality rice varieties for consumption.RESULTSThe results indicate that increasing nitrogen fertilizer application reduces the amylose content and increases the protein content, resulting in a decrease in taste quality. Simultaneously, it reduces the intergranular porosity of starch particles, improving the appearance and milling quality of rice. Compared to the N1 treatment (nitrogen fertilizer application rate of 90 kg ha−1), the taste of low‐amylose rice (Yixiangyou 2115) and high‐amylose rice (Byou 268) decreased by 14.24% and 19.79%, respectively, under N4 treatment (nitrogen fertilizer application rate of 270 kg ha−1). The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on low‐amylose rice is mainly reflected in increased rice hardness, enthalpy value, and setback viscosity, resulting in a decline in taste. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on high‐amylose rice is mainly reflected in a decrease in peak viscosity, an increase in gelatinization temperature, and crystallinity under high nitrogen levels.CONCLUSIONIncreasing nitrogen fertilizer application can improve the appearance and milling quality of rice, but it also leads to an increase in protein content, hardness, gelatinization enthalpy, decrease in breakdown value, and a decline in palatability. In practical production, different production measures should be taken according to different production goals. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Breaking the yield-quality tradeoff: OsNLP3 in rice

Mondal,

Singh,

Dey

2024

Funct Integr Genomics

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Grain chalkiness is reduced by coordinating the biosynthesis of protein and starch in fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain under nitrogen fertilization

Cited by 15 publications

References 47 publications

Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen Fertilization

Grain Chalkiness Is Decreased by Balancing the Synthesis of Protein and Starch in Hybrid Indica Rice Grains under Nitrogen Fertilization

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the quality traits of Indica rice with different amylose contents

Breaking the yield-quality tradeoff: OsNLP3 in rice

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