Grain size controls on long-chain diol distributions and proxy signals in marine sediments

Abstract

Long chain alkyl diols (LCDs) are lipid biomarkers that occur ubiquitously in sediments. Their abundance and distributions are increasingly used as the basis of molecular proxies for environmental parameters such as sea surface temperature (SST) via the Long chain Diol Index (LDI), and upwelling intensity and nutrient conditions (parametrized as diol indices, DI-2, and Nutrient Diol Index, NDI, respectively). Their marine producers remain the subject of debate, but in cultures, they can be found within the outer wall (algaenan) of eustigmatophytes or in Proboscia diatoms. LCDs appear to be well preserved in sediments, potentially as a result of their association with algaenan and/or minerals, but little is known of their pre-depositional histories, in particular transport dynamics. Here, 15 surface continental margin sediments as well as one high-deposition-rate sediment core (50 cm, spanning the last ~30 years) were analyzed in order to evaluate the impact of organo-mineral associations, lateral transport, and hydrodynamic sorting on sedimentary LCD signals. The abundance and distribution of LCDs in bulk sediments and corresponding grain-size fractions was determined. The highest proportion of all LCD isomers is found in the fine fraction (2 – 10 µm), which also holds the highest proportion of organic matter in relation to the other grain-size fractions. However, LCDs are also found in the other fractions (sand, coarse silt, and clay), and their concentrations are not correlated with bulk organic carbon content, indicating different preservation or transport mechanisms. LDI-SST in the bulk sediment is comparable to the mean annual SST at all sites except those influenced by upwelling and characterized by strong seasonal SST gradients. To the contrary of other biomarker-related proxies (e.g., alkenones), lateral transport does not appear to strongly affect LDI-SST in size fractions, suggesting that the intimate relationship of LCD with the algaenan may counteract the influence of hydrodynamic mineral sorting processes on related proxy signals. The difference between the fraction-weighted LCD concentration and bulk sedimentary LCD concentration indicates potential release of LCD during laboratory fractionation, suggesting degradation of algaenan or dissolution of opal frustules.

Spatial Discrepancy of Hydrodynamics‐Driven Impacts on Organic Biomarkers Deposition and ′ and TEX86 Temperature Proxies Applications

“…The SST‐SCA methodology has the potential to be extended to a global scale in the future, when a global database would be established based on the sediment grain‐size distribution in surface sediments and the SST values in different grain‐size sediments from the worldwide oceans. Moreover, the idea of the correction methodology would also be applied to other organic geochemical indicators that may also be potentially affected by hydrodynamics, such as long‐chain diols‐based upwelling and nutrient proxies (Lattaud et al., 2022).…”

The Modern Ocean Sediment Archive and Inventory of Carbon (MOSAIC): version 2.0

“…Additional source-specific biomarkers such as glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) (Damsté et al, 2002;Koga et al, 1993), long-chain alkyl diols (de Bar et al, 2020), and sterols (Tao et al, 2022) could further define the origin of organic matter, while other biomarkers such as algal-derived pigments, biopolymeric fraction of carbon, amino acids, and carbohydrates can determine its degree of reactivity (Burdige and Martens, 1988;Dauwe and Middelburg, 1998;Pusceddu et al, 2009;Raja and Rosell-Melé, 2022). Additionally, new proxies are continuously being proposed that can further disentangle the source of organic matter (Lattaud et al, 2021) and help refine the use of biomarker proxy calibration Tingley, 2014, 2018), which can be affected by sediment redistribution and degradation processes (Ausín et al, 2022;Lattaud et al, 2022). Future efforts will be directed into including these variables in MOSAIC to gain a holistic understanding of the fate of organic matter in marine sediments.…”

“…surface ocean primary productivity, oxygen concentrations, sedimentation rates, etc.). This was first undertaken by Lee et al (2019) using a slightly expanded dataset of 5600 data points and was revisited by Atwood et al (2020) using 11 500 data points. While all of these studies agree that higher OC contents are found on continental margins in comparison to the open ocean, these margins are highly complex and temporally heterogenous, which is why more efforts should be directed towards compiling data in these areas.…”