Grain-size effects on the ferroelectric behavior of dense nanocrystallineBaTiO3ceramics

Effect of equiproprotional substitution of Zn and Mn in BaTiO3 ceramic—An index to multiferroic applications

“…Any disruption in the polar order would affect the ferroelectricity. Generally, reduction of polarization occurs due to reduction in grain size [23], the presence of structural imperfections such as oxygen vacancies and dislocations [23]. It is also observed from Table 2 that the value of coercive field (E c ) remains high and the maximum polarization value reduces sharply (P-max) for all compositions.…”

“…Since the hexagonal phase of BTO is not ferroelectric [9], the formation of the hexagonal phase weakens the ferroelectricity of BaTiO 3 to a large extent [9]. The stability of the ferroelectric phase can be determined by structural transition with additional factors like incorporation of foreign atoms [23]. It is evident that persistence of ferroelectricity results from the long-range polar orders of dipoles [24].…”

Strain Mechanisms in Lead-Free Ferroelectrics for Actuators

“…202 On the other hand, too small grain size leads to suppression of ferroelectricity due to diminished non-cubic distortions. [205][206][207] Moreover, domains also become unfavorable at small grain sizes since is compensated by interface charges at grain boundaries and/or polarization gradients. 207 This leads initially to a single domain state, followed by complete suppression of the ferroelectric state as grain size is further reduced.…”

“…[205][206][207] Moreover, domains also become unfavorable at small grain sizes since is compensated by interface charges at grain boundaries and/or polarization gradients. 207 This leads initially to a single domain state, followed by complete suppression of the ferroelectric state as grain size is further reduced. 208 For PbTiO 3 the critical grain size to induce a paraelectric state is between 4 nm and 20 nm 209,210 , while for BT it is between 10 nm and 100 nm.…”

“…208 For PbTiO 3 the critical grain size to induce a paraelectric state is between 4 nm and 20 nm 209,210 , while for BT it is between 10 nm and 100 nm. [205][206][207] BT has maximized properties at grain sizes between 1 μm and 2 μm. 203,204 Optimization of grain size leads in general to higher ´, lower , decreased , and increased 33 , and 33 * .…”