Granitic Pegmatites as Sources of Strategic Metals

Linnen, Robert L.; Lichtervelde, Marieke Van; Černý, Petr

doi:10.2113/gselements.8.4.275

Cited by 324 publications

(130 citation statements)

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“…Fertile granites have Mg/Li < 10 and Nb/Ta < 8. S-type granite is derived from a magma produced by partial melting of sedimentary rocks; extreme fractional crystallization concentrates rare elements in residual melts (Linnen et al 2012). In Finland, LCT pegmatite is common in many places in southern Ostrobothnia, including Kaustinen (Fig.…”

Section: Lithium Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-tech metal potential in Finland with emphasis on rare earth elements (REE), titanium and lithium

Sarapää¹,

Kärkkäinen²,

Ahtola³

et al. 2015

Central European Geology

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This article evaluates the known rare earth elements (REE), Ti and Li occurrences and exploration potential in Finland, based on existing data combined with new geochemistry and mineralogy, heavy mineral studies, geophysical measurements, geologic mapping and recent drilling of new targets.The potential rock types for REE include carbonatite (Sokli, Korsnäs), alkaline rocks (Otanmäki, Lamujärvi, and Iivaara), rapakivi granite and pegmatite (Kovela), and kaolin-bearing weathering crusts in eastern and northern Finland. The highest REE concentrations occur in late magmatic carbonatite veins in the fenite area of the Sokli carbonatite complex. Detailed mineralogical investigations have revealed three distinct types of REE mineralization as phosphates, carbonates and silicates in the studied areas. Mineralogical and mineral chemical evidence demonstrates that hydrothermal processes are responsible for the REE mineralization in the studied rocks and confirms that such processes are predominant in the formation of REE minerals in carbonatite, calc-silicate rocks and albitite. Titanium occurs as ilmenite in hard rock deposits in Paleoproterozoic subalkaline mafic intrusions. The Otanmäki ilmenite was mined together with vanadium-rich magnetite from 1953 to 1985 from a small gabbro-anorthosite complex, which still contains potential for Ti resources. Other major ilmenite deposits are within the Koivusaarenneva ilmenite gabbro intrusion and Kauhajärvi apatite-ilmenite-magnetite gabbro complex. Possible Ti resources are included in Ti-magnetite gabbro of the large layered mafic intrusions in northern Finland, such as at the former Mustavaara vanadium mine. For several years, Rare Element (RE)-pegmatite of the Kaustinen and Somero-Tammela areas has been the objective of Li exploration by the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). At Kaustinen, Li-pegmatite occurs as subparallel dyke swarms in an area of 500 km 2 within Paleoproterozoic mica schists and metavolcanic rocks. Li pegmatite contains more than 10% spodumene as megacrysts (1-10 cm), albite, quartz, K-feldspar, muscovite and accessory minerals such as columbite-group minerals, apatite, tourmaline, beryl, Fe-oxide minerals and garnet. The Kaustinen spodumene pegmatite and Somero-Tammela petalite-spodumene pegmatite contain potential Li resources for the battery industry in EU countries.

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Section: Lithium Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-tech metal potential in Finland with emphasis on rare earth elements (REE), titanium and lithium

Sarapää¹,

Kärkkäinen²,

Ahtola³

et al. 2015

Central European Geology

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“…Research by London (1987), London (2008, Webber (2008), Nabelek et al (2010), Van Lichtervelde et al (2010), andLinnen (2012) have shown that U-, Th-, Nb-, Y-and REE-minerals are closely linked to highly fluxed silicate melts. Fluxes, including F and P, are important for the transport and deposition of these metals, depending on the melt composition.…”

Section: The Effect Of Fluxes On Melt Enrichmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fluxes, including F and P, are important for the transport and deposition of these metals, depending on the melt composition. However, the role of fluorine in NYF-type pegmatites is still poorly understood (Linnen 2012).…”

Section: The Effect Of Fluxes On Melt Enrichmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geology and evolution of pegmatite-hosted U-Th ± REE-Y-Nb Mineralization, Kulyk, Eagle, and Karin Lakes region, Wollaston Domain, northern Saskatchewan, Canada: examples of the dual role of extreme fractionation and hybridization processes

McKeough¹,

Lentz²,

McFarlane³

et al. 2013

J. Geosci.

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In northern Saskatchewan, granitic pegmatites intruded Early Paleoproterozoic Wollaston Group metasedimentary rocks and interfolded granitoids that unconformably overlie Late Archean gneisses, all of which have been subjected to deformation during the protracted 1.86 to 1.77 Ga Trans-Hudson Orogeny. The U-Th ± REE-Y-Nb pegmatite intrusions and fracture-controlled U mineralization characterize the occurrences at Kulyk Lake, Eagle Lake, and Karin Lake properties in the Wollaston Domain. The pegmatites are moderately to highly evolved, ranging from mineralogically simple to complex types. These are rare-earth element class, NYF pegmatites (Nb-Y-F), and are interpreted to have formed in a late syn-to post-collisional tectonic setting. The complex-type pegmatites are hybridized, due to metasomatic interaction with the host rocks and therefore are locally crudely zoned. Saturation of U-Th ± REE-Y-Nb occurred at the margins (predominately the border and wall zones) of the hybridized pegmatites. Partial melts were generated at depth, and then coalesced as they intruded to higher structural levels during exhumation of this orogen. This agrees with U-Pb geochronology of these granitic pegmatites, which constrains them between peak-and late-metamorphic events of the Trans-Hudson Orogeny. The age constraints and relatively high-T partial melting conditions (~750 °C) confine the pegmatite melt-forming conditions to an early deformational event (1835-1805 Ma) that was overprinted by high-T retrograde metamorphism at c. 1770 Ma. Field relationships, textures and geochemical variations provide strong evidence that the U, Th, REE ± Y-Nb phases in the studied pegmatites were progressively enriched through extreme fractionation effects of which are evident throughout multiple pegmatite injections. In addition, volatiles and other fluxing components further enriched U, Th, REE ± Y-Nb during complex hybridization reactions between pegmatite melt and wallrock, up to the final stages of pegmatite emplacement.

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“…The study of granitic pegmatites in Europe is gaining interest because these highly fractionated rocks are important sources of industrial minerals and strategic metals such as Li and the high field strength elements Nb-Ta and Sn (Linnen et al 2012). In Europe rare-element granitic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 pegmatites are abundant in the Variscan terrains (French Massif Central, Iberian Massif, Moldanubian domains of Czech Republic, Slovakia and Germany).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several episodes of deformation and regional metamorphism are accompanied by calc-alkaline and peraluminous magmatism and affected a late Proterozoic series of metasediments and metavolcanics during the Variscan orogeny. An important group of mineralized granitic pegmatites is associated with these tectonic events.The study of granitic pegmatites in Europe is gaining interest because these highly fractionated rocks are important sources of industrial minerals and strategic metals such as Li and the high field strength elements Nb-Ta and Sn (Linnen et al 2012). In Europe rare-element granitic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 (Carreras 1975; Carreras and Druguet 1994; Druguet and Hutton 1998; Carreras 2001; Druguet 2001; Fusseis et al 2006; Carreras and Druguet 2013) and the petrology of the peraluminous pegmatites (Corbella and Melgarejo 1993; Alfonso et al 1995 Alfonso et al , 2003 Alfonso and Melgarejo 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

U-Pb geochronology on zircon and columbite-group minerals of the Cap de Creus pegmatites, NE Spain

et al. 2016

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Aquesta és una còpia de la versió author's accepted manuscrit d'un article publicat a la revista Mineralogy and petrology Abstract The Cap de Creus granitic pegmatites in the eastern Catalan Pyrenees were dated using in situ U-Pb geochronology by laser ablation ICP-MS on zircon and columbite-group minerals (CGM), which are present in the different types of pegmatites from type I (K-feldspar pegmatites, least evolved) to type IV (albite pegmatites, most evolved) and therefore allow dating the different ManuscriptClick here to download Manuscript publication_text_v9. doc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 2 pegmatitic pulses. In a type III pegmatite where zircon and CGM are co-genetically associated in the same sample, both minerals were dated using zircon and tantalite reference materials, respectively, to avoid laser-induced matrix-dependent fractionation. In one sample, xenotime genetically associated with zircon was also dated. Two ages were obtained for type I and three ages for type III pegmatites. Three of these 5 ages range from 296.2 ± 2.5 to 301.9 ± 3.8 Ma and are allocated to the primary magmatic stage of crystallization and therefore to the emplacement event.Two younger ages (290.5 ± 2.5 and 292.9 ± 2.9 Ma) obtained on secondary zircon and xenotime, respectively, are interpreted as late post-solidus hydrothermal remobilization. There is no age difference between type I and type III pegmatites. The mean 299 Ma primary magmatic age allows the main late Carboniferous deformation event to be dated and is also synchronous with other peraluminous and calc-alkaline granites in the Pyrenees. However, the youngest ages around 292Ma imply that tectonics was still active in Early Permian times in the Cap de Creus area. IntroductionThe Cap de Creus peninsula (NE Spain) in the easternmost end of the Pyrenean Axial Zone is a remarkable center of interest for geologists because of its well-exposed outcrops that reveal a complex tectonic, metamorphic and magmatic history. Several episodes of deformation and regional metamorphism are accompanied by calc-alkaline and peraluminous magmatism and affected a late Proterozoic series of metasediments and metavolcanics during the Variscan orogeny. An important group of mineralized granitic pegmatites is associated with these tectonic events.The study of granitic pegmatites in Europe is gaining interest because these highly fractionated rocks are important sources of industrial minerals and strategic metals such as Li and the high field strength elements Nb-Ta and Sn (Linnen et al. 2012). In Europe rare-element granitic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 ...

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Granitic Pegmatites as Sources of Strategic Metals

Cited by 324 publications

References 18 publications

High-tech metal potential in Finland with emphasis on rare earth elements (REE), titanium and lithium

High-tech metal potential in Finland with emphasis on rare earth elements (REE), titanium and lithium

Geology and evolution of pegmatite-hosted U-Th ± REE-Y-Nb Mineralization, Kulyk, Eagle, and Karin Lakes region, Wollaston Domain, northern Saskatchewan, Canada: examples of the dual role of extreme fractionation and hybridization processes

U-Pb geochronology on zircon and columbite-group minerals of the Cap de Creus pegmatites, NE Spain

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Granitic Pegmatites as Sources of Strategic Metals

Cited by 324 publications

References 18 publications

High-tech metal potential in Finland with emphasis on rare earth elements (REE), titanium and lithium

High-tech metal potential in Finland with emphasis on rare earth elements (REE), titanium and lithium

Geology and evolution of pegmatite-hosted U-Th &plusmn; REE-Y-Nb Mineralization, Kulyk, Eagle, and Karin Lakes region, Wollaston Domain, northern Saskatchewan, Canada: examples of the dual role of extreme fractionation and hybridization processes

U-Pb geochronology on zircon and columbite-group minerals of the Cap de Creus pegmatites, NE Spain

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Geology and evolution of pegmatite-hosted U-Th ± REE-Y-Nb Mineralization, Kulyk, Eagle, and Karin Lakes region, Wollaston Domain, northern Saskatchewan, Canada: examples of the dual role of extreme fractionation and hybridization processes