“…Inefficiencies may arise due to local politicians' rent-seeking behaviour or by their capture by local lobbies (Bardhan, 2002), although rent seeking may be limited by yardstick competition and mobility (Besley and Case, 1995). Therefore, the comparative advantages of decentralization depend on the information the agents possess; for instance, about specific parameters (Levaggi and Smith, 1994;Snoddon and Wen, 2003;Akai and Mikami, 2006;Levaggi and Levaggi, 2016). Finally, the demand for decentralization may itself depend on the choice of the instruments the regulator is using to reduce horizontal fiscal imbalance (Levaggi and Menoncin, 2017).…”