Granular activated carbons from nutshells for the uptake of metals and organic compounds

Toles, Christopher A.; Marshall, Wayne E.; Johns, Mitchell M.

doi:10.1016/s0008-6223(97)00073-0

Cited by 175 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Oxygen-containing groups have been observed to form within the wider micropores. 3,17 This is perhaps due to the presence of basal plane edges combining with oxygen to form polar sites. 18 Air oxidation has been used to dramatically increase the metal adsorption of nutshell and other lignocellulosic-based carbons.…”

Section: Air Oxidation Of Steam-and Co 2 -Activated Pecan Shell Gacsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 Air oxidation has been used to dramatically increase the metal adsorption of nutshell and other lignocellulosic-based carbons. 2,3 The upper threshold temperature for air oxidation of pecan shell GACs in¯owing air has been found to be about 370±410°C. Above 410°C, considerable ashing occurs.…”

Section: Air Oxidation Of Steam-and Co 2 -Activated Pecan Shell Gacsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2±5 Their advantages as carbon feedstocks include a high density, availability as renewable resources, low cost, low ash content, and they are capable of producing GACs of high adsorption capacity. 2,3,6 Pecan shell is one of the more plentiful nutshell materials, and annual shell production in the United States is estimated to be 61 700 metric tons. 7 Our laboratory at the Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS has been evaluating pecan shells and other agricultural by-products as potential GAC feedstocks, principally for the removal of organic compounds and metal ions from wastewater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of activation method on the properties of pecan shell-activated carbons

Johns

Marshall

Toles

1999

J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.

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Pecan shell chars were activated using steam, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), or phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) to produce granular activated carbons (GACs). The GACs were characterized for select physical, chemical and adsorption properties. Air oxidation of the GACs was used to increase copper ion (Cu 2 ) adsorption. BET surface areas of pecan carbons were equal to or greater than commercial GACs. Carbon dioxide activation favored microporosity, while the other activations increased both mesoporosity and microporosity. Bulk densities and particle attrition of the pecan shell GACs were generally similar to the commercial carbons. Air oxidation of steam-and CO 2 -activated GACs increased copper ion adsorption, although not to the same extent as GACs made by H 3 PO 4 activation. Copper ion adsorption and the amount of titratable functional groups greatly exceeded the values for the commercial GACs. Steam-and CO 2 -activated pecan shell carbons were similar to but in some cases exceeded the ability of commercial GACs to remove certain organic compounds from water. GACs from pecan shells showed considerable commercial potential to remove metal ions and organic contaminants from water.

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Section: Air Oxidation Of Steam-and Co 2 -Activated Pecan Shell Gacsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Air Oxidation Of Steam-and Co 2 -Activated Pecan Shell Gacsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of activation method on the properties of pecan shell-activated carbons

Johns

Marshall

Toles

1999

J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.

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“…The three main steps involved in this process are experimental design, modelling and optimization. RSM model shows relatively few combinations of variables for determination of complex response function [22]. In the present study, the Central Composite Design model has been used for the optimization of lead Biosorption.…”

Section: Optimization Procedure: Central Composite Design (Ccd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosorption of Lead (II) from aqueous solution and Industrial Effluent by using leaves of Araucaria cookii: Application of Response Surface Methodology

N¹,

Suresha²

2014

IOSRJESTFT

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“…Nutshells have been reported in previous studies to be a good alternative to coal as a feedstock for the production of granular activated carbons or GACs. 4,6 These nutshells were desirable because of their availability as renewable resources, low ash content, and bulk density ± factors which make excellent activated carbon precursors. It is important to emphasize that these nutshells are in abundant supply and represent a currently untapped resource for activated carbon in the United States.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutshells as granular activated carbons: physical, chemical and adsorptive properties

Wartelle

Marshall

2001

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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Nutshells from seven different sources (pistachio, hazelnut, almond, black walnut, English walnut, macadamia nut, pecan) were converted to granular activated carbons (GACs) by carbon dioxide activation. A portion of the GACs were oxidized with compressed air and the physical (yield, surface area, attrition), chemical (pH, surface charge) and adsorptive (organics uptake, metal ion uptake) properties of both oxidized and non-oxidized carbons were determined. Differences in uptake of organics, especially of polar compounds, were found between GACs made from almond shells, the group consisting of black walnut shells, English walnut shells and pecan shells, and macadamia nutshells. Oxidation had its greatest effects on pH, surface charge and uptake of metal ions. The changes due to oxidation were found to be independent of carbon source material. GACs with speci®c properties can be produced with judicious selection of carbon precursor and oxidative treatment.

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Granular activated carbons from nutshells for the uptake of metals and organic compounds

Cited by 175 publications

References 9 publications

The effect of activation method on the properties of pecan shell-activated carbons

The effect of activation method on the properties of pecan shell-activated carbons

Biosorption of Lead (II) from aqueous solution and Industrial Effluent by using leaves of Araucaria cookii: Application of Response Surface Methodology

Nutshells as granular activated carbons: physical, chemical and adsorptive properties

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