“…1 Our work is complementary to the large macroeconomic literature that uses input-output tables, or other criteria such as firm size, to determine whether a certain series is granular, see among others Gabaix (2011), Acemoglu et al (2012), Di Giovanni and Levchenko (2012), Carvalho and Gabaix (2013), Di Giovanni, Levchenko and Mejean (2014), Bernard, Jensen, Redding and Schott (2017), Pesaran and Yang (2016), Gaubert and Itskhoki (2016) and Ghysels, Liuy and Raymondz (2017). Instead of relying on potentially arbitrary criteria for granular selection we detect granular series based on the covariance properties of the output data directly.…”