Granulocytes and Cells of Granulocyte Origin—The Relevant Players in Colorectal Cancer

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancy and cause of cancer death worldwide, and it still remains a therapeutic challenge for western medicine. There is strong evidence that, in addition to genetic predispositions, environmental factors have also a substantial impact in CRC development. The risk of CRC is attributed, among others to dietary habits, alcohol consumption, whereas physical activity, food containing dietary fiber, dairy products, and calcium supplements have a protective effect. Despite progress in the available therapies, surgery remains a basic treatment option for CRC. Implementation of additional methods of treatment such as chemo- and/or targeted immunotherapy, improved survival rates, however, the results are still far from satisfactory. One of the reasons may be the lack of deeper understanding of the interactions between the tumor and different types of cells, including tumor infiltrating granulocytes. While the role of neutrophils is quite well explored in many cancers, role of eosinophils and basophils is often underestimated. As part of this review, we focused on the function of different granulocyte subsets in CRC, emphasizing the beneficial role of eosinophils and basophils, as well as dichotomic mode of neutrophils action. In addition, we addressed the current knowledge on cells of granulocyte origin, specifically granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells (Gr-MDSCs) and their role in development and progression of CRC.

Tumor Area Positivity (TAP) score of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1): a novel visual estimation method for combined tumor cell and immune cell scoring

“…The TAP scoring method is inclusive of all types of IC; therefore, pathologists need not exhaust themselves under high magnification to confirm a cell type. Increasingly, research has shown that granulocytes are part of the adaptive tumor immune response [ 18 , 19 ]; we have also observed weak to moderate PD-L1 expression in neutrophils around TC (Supplementary Fig. 1 ).…”

Administration of Water Extract of Stachytarpheta Jamaicensis L. Vahl Affects Haematological Profile on Animal Induced Imiquimod

“…T cells work by helping to respond directly to infected body cells while B cells work to produce antibodies for infected body cells [12]. Granulocytes are components of white blood cells that have the ability to phagocytize and consist of neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils [13]. Red blood cells are an important component that contains about 95% of hemoglobin to circulate oxygen to each cell through the process of diffusion [14].…”

Prospective Mendelian Randomization Study of Ancestry-Specific Blood-Cell Genetics in Predicting Pan-Cancer Risk Across 28 Malignant Neoplasms

“…In our analysis of the total counts of eosinophils and basophils in the blood relative to CRC, we observed a negative association between these two factors. Regarding basophils, studies indicate that their high levels are associated with better overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with CRC, 25 suggesting they may suppress tumor progression by secreting histamine 26 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β, thereby enhancing the recruitment of specific CD8+ T cells and promoting cancer cell apoptosis. 27 Our findings imply that basophils may play a key role in regulating immune responses and suppressing CRC and that their levels are negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients with CRC.…”