Granulomatosis and Polyangitis Followed by Alveolar Proteinosis in a 32-Year-Old Woman

Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in an adolescent successfully treated with inhaled rhGM-CSF (molgramostim)

“…Recent investigations showed good results of inhaled therapy with recombinant GM-CSF. The first successful treatment with an inhaled GM-CSF was provided by Compa and colleagues in an adult patient with secondary PAP [ 18 ]. Price at al [ 6 ].…”

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

“…Secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) associated with treatment is relatively frequent 1,2 . However, PAP associated with autoimmune diseases is extremely rare; we have found only 2 cases reported in the literature 1,3 .…”

Development of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis in a Patient With Adult-Onset Still Disease Treated With Tocilizumab

“…Very few cases of PAP have been reported in adult patients with other connective tissue diseases. [1][2][3] Lung lesions, most of which are PAP, have been reported more recently in young patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) exposed to interleukin (IL)-1 or IL-6 inhibitors. 4 Paradoxical reactions have been reported in 0.6% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving TCZ in a French registry 5 ; thus, we infer that anti-GM-CSF antibody might have developed in this adult patient with AOSD, the adult form of sJIA.…”