Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Affects Lipid Metabolism via Changing Gut Microflora and Enhancing Propionate Production in Weaned Pigs

Abstract

Background It is not clear whether dietary grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) affects mammalian lipid metabolism via the gut microbiota. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the gut microbiota to the effect of dietary GSP. Methods This study was divided into 3 separate experiments using Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire pigs (50% male) weaned at day 28 and then fed the same basal diet (NC). In Experiment 1, 90 pigs were fed NC or NC with 250 mg GSP/kg (GSP) or 400 mg betaine/kg [positive control (PC)] for 28 d. In Experiment 2, 30 pigs were fed NC, GSP, or GSP with antibiotics (GSP + Abx) diets for 14 d. In Experiment 3, pigs were fed NC, NC plus 1 g sodium propionate/kg (SP), or NC plus 1 g sodium butyrate/kg (SB) diet for 14 d. Serum biochemical indexes, SCFA concentrations, and microbial composition were determined. Results In Experiment 1, compared with the GSP group, visceral adipocyte area was higher in the NC (28.6%) and PC (18.2%) groups (P ≤ 0.05). Colonic propionate and butyrate concentrations were 30.2% and 3.6% higher in the GSP group than in the NC group, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). In Experiment 2, compared with the GSP group, the NC group had a 108% higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and had 50.4%, 61.2%, and 82.3% lower abundance of Akkermansia, Alistipes, and Bacteroides, respectively (P ≤ 0.05); antibiotics removed these effects of GSP. In Experiment 3, serum peptide YY was 19.5% higher in the SP group than in the NC group (P ≤ 0.05), and it did not differ between the SB and NC groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions GSP affected lipid metabolism in weaned pigs, which is associated with changed gut microbiota and enhanced microbial propionate production. These findings provide potential mechanisms for GSP intake to improve lipid metabolism.

Gut Microbiota, Blood Metabolites, and Spleen Immunity in Broiler Chickens Fed Berry Pomaces and Phenolic-Enriched Extractives

“…A possible mechanism proposed was that quercetin decreased the activity of microsomal TRIG transfer protein (MTP), resulting in the inhibition of intestinal apoB secretion ( 40 ). Moreover, proanthocyanidin was also reported to induce hypolipidemia by reducing TRIG in weaned pigs ( 41 ). Calcium and phosphorus are essential nutrients involved in many biological processes, and the studied wild blueberry pomaces have been reported to contain at least five times more Ca than in the used cranberry pomaces; however, both pomaces presented similar P content ( 13 ).…”

“…Polyphenols in feed may increase the numbers of several bacteria, including Bacteroidetes , which tended to be higher with blueberry by-products in both ceca and cloacae as previously studied ( 15 ). These bacteria play an important role in breaking down complex carbohydrates to simpler compounds by encoding enzymes like polysaccharide lyases and glycoside hydrolases ( 41 ). BACI treatment resulted in lower abundances of Proteobacteria compared to berry pomace treatments, which correlates with an increased population of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and probably higher BW .…”

Antihyperlipidaemic effect of microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum LIP‐1 on hyperlipidaemic rats

“…It is also well known that high levels of TC, TG, and LDL in the blood are risk factors for atherosclerosis and that a high level of HDL could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases . A previous study demonstrated that total lipid and faecal bile acid excretion were significantly increased and that TC concentration in blood was effectively reduced by intervention of grape seed proanthocyanidin . Therefore, our observations suggested that LIP‐1 has a significant positive effect on enhancing lipid metabolism and that ME LIP‐1 was particularly effective.…”

“…20 A previous study demonstrated that total lipid and faecal bile acid excretion were significantly increased and that TC concentration in blood was effectively reduced by intervention of grape seed proanthocyanidin. 21 Therefore, our observations suggested that LIP-1 has a significant positive effect on enhancing lipid metabolism and that ME LIP-1 was particularly effective. Liver is usually considered to be the main organ to regulate the lipid metabolism and blood lipid levels.…”

Hidradenitis Suppurativa and 1-Carbon Metabolism: Role of Gut Microbiome, Matrix Metalloproteinases, and Hyperhomocysteinemia

“…Diets rich in fat and carbohydrates or low in fiber have all been linked to gut dysbiosis. Diets that include food from a variety of sources, including foods rich in plant pigments (16), are protective against dysbiosis. While a Western diet that is high in fats may be tolerable for some people, it can exacerbate underlying problems in others.…”