Graph-based modelling and simulation of liquid immersion cooling systems

Lionello, Michele; Rampazzo, Mirco; Beghi, Alessandro; Varagnolo, Damiano; Vesterlund, Mattias

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118238

Cited by 25 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Since the immersion liquid cooling structure is very simple, there are no heat exchangers, tubes or other components, and the coolants are usually insulating and non-flammable liquids, there is no safety risk caused by coolant leakage. Therefore, immersion liquid cooling technology has the characteristics of safety, high heat transfer efficiency [103], good temperature uniformity and flexible layouts [104,105].…”

Section: Immersion Liquid Cooling Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Cooling Technologies in Lithium-Ion Power Battery Thermal Management Systems for New Energy Vehicles

Fu,

Zhao,

Wang

et al. 2023

Processes

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The power battery is an important component of new energy vehicles, and thermal safety is the key issue in its development. During charging and discharging, how to enhance the rapid and uniform heat dissipation of power batteries has become a hotspot. This paper briefly introduces the heat generation mechanism and models, and emphatically summarizes the main principle, research focuses, and development trends of cooling technologies in the thermal management of power batteries in new energy vehicles in the past few years. Currently, the commonly used models for battery heat generation are the electrochemical-thermal model and the electrical-thermal model. Scholars have conducted more research based on multidimensional electrochemical-thermal/electrical-thermal models because taking the actual characteristics of the battery into account can provide a more comprehensive and systematic description. Among various cooling technologies, the air-cooling system boasts the most economical manufacturing costs and a compact, reliable structure. The heat transfer coefficient of the liquid-cooling system is very high, while the temperature remains uniform in the PCMs cooling system during the material phase transition process. Against the background of increasing energy density in future batteries, immersion liquid phase change cooling technology has great development prospects, but it needs to overcome limitations such as high cost and heavy weight. Therefore, the current lithium-ion battery thermal management technology that combines multiple cooling systems is the main development direction. Suitable cooling methods can be selected and combined based on the advantages and disadvantages of different cooling technologies to meet the thermal management needs of different users.

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Section: Immersion Liquid Cooling Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Cooling Technologies in Lithium-Ion Power Battery Thermal Management Systems for New Energy Vehicles

Fu,

Zhao,

Wang

et al. 2023

Processes

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“…Concerning single-phase immersion cooling, experimental benchmarks [7] and simulation models [12] have already been tested. However, those examples do not compare directly two cooling methods on identical and independent HPC servers.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Setting up an experimental framework for analysing an immersion cooling system

Arrabal

Betencourt

Caron

et al. 2022

2022 IEEE 34th International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing (SBAC-PAD)

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This paper compares the cooling-efficiency between air and immersion cooling methods through the implementation of an experimental framework. Short and long term stresses with and without overclocking were run and monitored on 8 identical HPC servers. A statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney method was conducted to determine whether or not, the temperature differences observed between the servers cooled by immersion and the ones cooled by air were significant.The results were promising with immersion cooling achieving better overall cooling performance with low energy consumption as no cooling units were used for the immersion cooling system. A discussion on practical issues encountered using the immersion technology is also included.

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“…Traditionally, modelling the temperature in a data centre has been instrumental in improving the efficiency of the cooling system by creating strategies aimed at distributing the workload effectively across computing infrastructure [1,2] [3]. Google achieved a 40% reduction in cooling costs by leveraging an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based predictive model to predict Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) from the operational data to optimise cooling system settings [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature forecasting for single-phase immersion cooling system based on machine learning

Pratheek,

Ashwin,

Balaji

2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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High-heat-flux-density data centres face significant thermal management challenges, particularly those for 5G and AI applications. Elevated processor temperatures lead to frequent thermal throttling and non-uniform thermal stresses, negatively impacting server performance and reliability. This highlights the need for effective thermal management strategies. Machine learning-based temperature prediction algorithms have shown promise in proactively managing the thermal condition of the system. In his study, a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B+ was immersed in mineral oil to simulate the workloads based on cryptography, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and data analytics. The discrete wavelet transform technique is used to mitigate the impact of noise interference in the experimental data. The results show that the attention-based LSTM encoder-decoder model (LSTM-ED-Attention) coupled with the entropy minimisation strategy outperformed the baseline LSTM encoder-decoder model by 22, 15 and 20% for prediction horizons of 10, 30 and 60 seconds, respectively.

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Graph-based modelling and simulation of liquid immersion cooling systems

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

A Review of Cooling Technologies in Lithium-Ion Power Battery Thermal Management Systems for New Energy Vehicles

A Review of Cooling Technologies in Lithium-Ion Power Battery Thermal Management Systems for New Energy Vehicles

Setting up an experimental framework for analysing an immersion cooling system

Temperature forecasting for single-phase immersion cooling system based on machine learning

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