Graphdiyne-Related Materials in Biomedical Applications and Their Potential in Peripheral Nerve Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Graphdiyne (GDY) is a new member of the family of carbon-based nanomaterials with hybridized carbon atoms of sp and sp2, including α, β, γ, and (6,6,12)-GDY, which differ in their percentage of acetylene bonds. The unique structure of GDY provides many attractive features, such as uniformly distributed pores, highly π-conjugated structure, high thermal stability, low toxicity, biodegradability, large specific surface area, tunable electrical conductivity, and remarkable thermal conductivity. Therefore, GDY is widely used in energy storage, catalysis, and energy fields, in addition to biomedical fields, such as biosensing, cancer therapy, drug delivery, radiation protection, and tissue engineering. In this review, we first discuss the synthesis of GDY with different shapes, including nanotubes, nanowires, nanowalls, and nanosheets. Second, we present the research progress in the biomedical field in recent years, along with the biodegradability and biocompatibility of GDY based on the existing literature. Subsequently, we present recent research results on the use of nanomaterials in peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR). Based on the wide application of nanomaterials in PNR and the remarkable properties of GDY, we predict the prospects and current challenges of GDY-based materials for PNR.

Emerging Trends in Nanomedicine: Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Healthcare

“…Li et al (2023) investigated the biocompatibility of graphdiyne and its potential for neural tissue engineering. The study demonstrated that graphdiyne supported the attachment and growth of neural stem cells, suggesting its potential for nerve tissue regeneration [135]. This property is crucial for developing tissue-engineered constructs that can integrate seamlessly with the host tissue.…”

“…Current Results: Initial studies have demonstrated the biocompatibility and potential of graphdiyne scaffolds for promoting tissue regeneration in bone [132], nerve [133], and cardiac tissues [134]. Graphdiyne's ability to support cell growth and facilitate tissue repair offers promising opportunities in regenerative medicine [135].…”

Guidewire Endpoint Detection Based on Pixel‐Adjacent Relation during Robot‐Assisted Intravascular Catheterization: In Vivo Mammalian Models

“…This integration allows for precise identification of the surgical location and direction, minimizing the risk of instrument collisions with nontarget tissues. [ 2,3 ] Guidewires are the most important surgical instruments used in intravascular interventional surgery. The surgeon navigates the delivery tool to the target point by observing the guidewire under real‐time fluoroscopy images.…”

Biomembrane‐inspired design of medical micro/nanorobots: From cytomembrane stealth cloaks to cellularized Trojan horses

“…[ 1–4 ] To this end, researchers have made great efforts to develop various nanomaterials with tailored physicochemical properties (such as size, shape, and surface chemistry) and programmed biological functionalities (such as anticancer, antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory abilities). [ 5–9 ] For example, polymer‐based nanomaterials can be designed to target cancer cells, [ 10 ] infection sites, [ 11 ] and/or inflamed tissues. [ 12 ] Inorganic nanomaterials can be fabricated to target tumor tissue [ 13 ] or infected tissue [ 14 ] and, when irradiated with light, can also generate localized hyperthermia to photothermally eliminate tumors, [ 15 ] bacteria, [ 16 ] bacterial biofilms [ 17 ] (i.e., photothermal therapy), or produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to destroy cancer cells [ 18,19 ] and bacteria [ 20–22 ] (i.e., photodynamic therapy [PDT]).…”