Graphene- and Carbon-Nanotube-Based Transparent Electrodes for Semitransparent Solar Cells

Lee, Kyu‐Tae; Park, Dong Hyuk; Baac, Hyoung Won; Han, Seungyong

doi:10.3390/ma11091503

Cited by 40 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 116 publications

(151 reference statements)

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“…Nevertheless, semitransparent solar cells are intentionally designed to operate at low photogeneration rates even under 1 Sun illumination, since only a fraction of the incident light is absorbed in their active layers. Therefore, graphene electrodes, due to the exclusive combination of their high optical transmittance, flexibility, low‐cost and nontoxicity are very promising in the fast‐growing field of semitransparent organic photovoltaics …”

Section: Electrodes For Semitransparent Oscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solution‐Processed Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics: From Molecular Design to Device Performance

et al. 2019

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Recent research efforts on solution-processed semitransparent organic solar cells (OSCs) are presented. Essential properties of organic donor:acceptor bulk heterojunction blends and electrode materials, required for the combination of simultaneous high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance of photovoltaic devices, are presented from the materials science and device engineering points of view. Aspects of optical perception, charge generation-recombination, and extraction processes relevant for semitransparent OSCs are also discussed in detail. Furthermore, the theoretical limits of PCE for fully transparent OSCs, compared to the performance of the best reported semitransparent OSCs, and options for further optimization are discussed. Hall of Fame ArticleAlthough the last decade has seen much progress in the field of OSC research, the development of semitransparent devices lags behind because of the lack of optimized photoactive materials. [22][23][24][25] The strong absorption of the active materials in the visible region causes difficulty when one tries to balance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and transmittance. Encouragingly, the recent progress of fullerene-free OSCs has the potential to shed fundamental solutions to overcome these obstacles, hence becoming attractive research topics on developing narrow-bandgap nonfullerene acceptors to researchers. [26][27][28][29][30] We focus in this section on presenting recent progress in the design of narrow-bandgap organic semiconductors that have bandgaps less than 1.5 eV and have extended the boundaries of visible transparent/NIR absorbing OSC technology. Solution-Processable Organic SemiconductorsOrganic semiconductors are carbon-based materials with an electronically delocalized π-conjugated backbone. Such π-conjugated systems are created by a linear series of overlapping p z orbitals (π bonds). [31,32] As the parallel overlap of carbon p z orbitals increases with the molecular extension, the π bonds may further spread out into π bands, and this leads to a narrower energy bandgap. The energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) corresponds to the topmost π band, and the lowest π* band is referred to as the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The energy gap between the HOMO and the LUMO dominates optical properties. Photoexcitations result in Coulombically bound excitons (electron-hole pairs) due to the low dielectric constant (ε ≈ 2−4) characteristic of organic semiconductors. [33,34] The exciton binding energy is in the range of 0.3−1 eV, thus requiring a high interfacial area between electron donor (D) and electron acceptor (A) components to promote exciton dissociation into free carriers. [35,36] This approach has led to the development of organic bulk heterojunctions (BHJs), which are cast from blend solutions of D and A components. [37][38][39] The excitonic nature of organic semiconductors offers an advantage in wavelength-specific light harvesting applications through a delicate manipulation of energy ...

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Section: Electrodes For Semitransparent Oscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solution‐Processed Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics: From Molecular Design to Device Performance

et al. 2019

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“…To realize semitransparency in OPVs and PSCs, one can manipulate the coverage, [ 35–43,161–163 ] thickness, [ 10–17,44–48,164,165 ] or bandgap of the active layer [ 2,8,9,18–24,49,50,166–168 ] or replace the opaque metal electrode with light‐transmitting media (e.g., metal nanowires, [ 44,46,51–56,169–171 ] transparent conducting oxides, [ 43,57–61,167,168,172–180 ] transparent conducting polymers, [ 40,62,63,181–184 ] graphene, [ 54,64,164,185 ] and carbon nanotube [ 65,186–188 ] ). Although the most convenient way to fabricate an ST‐PV is to decrease the thickness of the top metal electrode and, thereby, increase its transparency, [ 35,39,40,47,58,66–72,124 ] there is always a trade‐off between conductivity and transparency.…”

Section: Semitransparent Opvs and Pscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Advanced Optical Structures for Emerging Photovoltaics and Photodetectors

Chen

Tan

Hsu

et al. 2020

Adv Energy and Sustain Res

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Organic‐ and perovskite‐based optoelectronics, which merge excellent optoelectronic properties with potentially large and high‐throughput manufacturing, have attracted attention as emerging revolutionary technologies with considerable practical applications. Herein, the recent progresses in organic‐ and perovskite‐based photovoltaics and photodetectors with integration of judicious optical structure designs are summarized. The characterization and performance metrics of such devices from the perspectives of device architecture, physics, and material science are studied. Research related to devices having dielectric mirrors, diffracted Bragg reflectors/photonic crystals, microcavities, and 2D photonic structures as design elements is discussed. Some suggestions of promising directions for future studies are concluded.

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“…In this century, the field of nanotechnology has risen to the forefront of research and development, standing out the carbon nanoallotropes. The specific and excellent properties of CNTs and graphene pave the way to an ever-increasing number of applications, such as medical devices and drugs, energy, environment, biology, aerospace, aeronautics, automotive, sports, electronics, solar cells, structural batteries, adhesives, composites, polymers, super capacitors, ultra-stiff materials, gas sensors, biosensors, wastewater treatment, reinforced rods, mechanical memories, coatings, and films [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In fact, they present high tensile strength and modulus, high thermal and electrical conductivities, high absorbency and aspect ratio and low weight, which means that these nanomaterials have very high specific properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health and Safety Concerns Related to CNT and Graphene Products, and Related Composites

et al. 2020

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The use of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Graphene increased in the last decade and it is likely to keep increasing in the near future. The attractiveness of their properties, particularly the possibility to enhance the composites performance using a tailor made methodology, brings new materials, processes and products for highly demanding industrial applications and to the market. However, there are quite a lot of health/safety issues, as well as lack of understanding and standards to evaluate their effects. This paper starts with a general description of materials, processes and products dealing with CNT and graphene. Then, an overview of concerns related to the health and safety when handling, researching, producing and using products that include these materials is presented. It follows a risk management approach with respect to simulation and evaluation tools, and considering the consensual limits already existing for research, industry and consumers. A general discussion integrating the relevant aspects of health and safety with respect to CNT and graphene is also presented. A proactive view is presented with the intention to contribute with some guidelines on installation, maintenance, evaluation, personal protection equipment (PPE) and personnel training to deal with these carbon-based nanomaterials in research, manufacture, and use with composite materials.

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Graphene- and Carbon-Nanotube-Based Transparent Electrodes for Semitransparent Solar Cells

Cited by 40 publications

References 116 publications

Solution‐Processed Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics: From Molecular Design to Device Performance

Solution‐Processed Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics: From Molecular Design to Device Performance

Recent Progress on Advanced Optical Structures for Emerging Photovoltaics and Photodetectors

Health and Safety Concerns Related to CNT and Graphene Products, and Related Composites

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