Graphene and Its Derivatives as Platforms for MALDI‐MS

Challenges and Strategies of Chemical Analysis of Drugs of Abuse and Explosives by Mass Spectrometry

“…In fact, commercial ESI utilizes high flow rates that keep within a range from 10.0 μL/min to 1.0 mL/min (Meng et al, 1988 ; Smith et al, 1988a , b , 1990 ; Fenn et al, 1989 , 1990 ; Lee et al, 1989 ; Loo et al, 1990 ; Kebarle, 2000 ; Sekar et al, 2013 ; Abdelhamid and Wu, 2015 , 2019a ; Khan et al, 2015 ). The high flow rate is responsible for the formation of liquid droplets with large size that causes slow evaporation, thereby resulting in obtaining poor sensitivity of the relevant analyte compounds.…”

“…The ambient ion sources allow the high-throughput analysis of sample of interest in their native state, often with minimal or no sample pre-treatment. The developed ambient ion sources such as desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) (Takáts et al, 2004 ; Justes et al, 2007 ), direct analysis in real time (DART) (Cody et al, 2005 ), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) (Karas et al, 1985 ; Abdelhamid and Wu, 2012 , 2013 , 2016 , 2019a , b ; Abdelhamid et al, 2017 ; Chen et al, 2017 ; Abdelhamid, 2018 , 2019a , b ), electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization (ELDI) (Shiea et al, 2005 ), desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DAPCI) (Takáts et al, 2005 ) have already been coupled to commercial MS. Beside these, ac-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (ac-APCI) (Habib et al, 2013 ), He-flow dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) (Na et al, 2007a , b ; Zhang et al, 2009 ; Habib et al, 2014 , 2020 ; Gilbert-López et al, 2019 ), PESI (Hiraoka et al, 2007 ) have been fabricated as ambient ion sources and applied to analyze a wide range of compounds. Since the pioneering work of the DBD ion source by Zhang and co-workers (Na et al, 2007a , b ; Zhang et al, 2009 ), it has widely been used in mass/ion-mobility spectrometry (Usmanov et al, 2013 ; Habib et al, 2014 , 2020 ; Gilbert-López et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Since the pioneering work of MALDI by Franz Hillenkamp, Michael Karas, and their colleagues in 1985, much attention has been paid to develop matrices for efficient desorption and ionization of particularly biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, oligosaccharides, amino acids etc. (Karas et al, 1985 , 1987 ; Tanaka et al, 1988 ; Karas and Bahr, 1990 ; Fitzgerald et al, 1993 ; Tang et al, 1994 ; Abdelhamid and Wu, 2012 , 2013 , 2016 , 2019a , b ; Abdelhamid et al, 2017 ; Chen et al, 2017 ; Abdelhamid, 2018 , 2019a , b ). Organic compounds such as 2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, picolinic acid, and/or 3-hydroxy picolinic acid etc.…”

“…have widely been used as MALDI matrices for desorption/ionization of peptides, proteins, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, oligosaccharides, lipids etc. (Karas et al, 1985 , 1987 ; Tanaka et al, 1988 ; Beavis et al, 1989 , 1992 ; Karas and Bahr, 1990 ; Strupat et al, 1991 ; Fitzgerald et al, 1993 ; Wu et al, 1993 ), however, inorganic materials, particularly nanoparticles (NPs) have advanced applications in mass spectrometry as MALDI matrices (Abdelhamid and Wu, 2012 , 2013 , 2016 , 2019a , b ; Abdelhamid et al, 2017 ; Chen et al, 2017 ; Abdelhamid, 2018 , 2019a , b ). Besides the development of hybrid desorption/ionization system, attentions have also been taken to fabricate desorption method for non-volatile compounds from their solid state (Saha et al, 2013 ; Usmanov et al, 2013 , 2016 ; Habib et al, 2014 ; Bi et al, 2021 ).…”

Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019–2020

“…A recent book chapter “Graphene and its derivatives as platforms for MALDI‐MS” (Abdelhamid & Wu, 2019) summarises earlier work in this area.…”