Graphene-Based Biosensors for Molecular Chronic Inflammatory Disease Biomarker Detection

Abstract

Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, stroke, ischemic heart diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and COVID-19 have had a high number of deaths worldwide in recent years. The accurate detection of the biomarkers for chronic inflammatory diseases can significantly improve diagnosis, as well as therapy and clinical care in patients. Graphene derivative materials (GDMs), such as pristine graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), have shown tremendous benefits for biosensing and in the development of novel biosensor devices. GDMs exhibit excellent chemical, electrical and mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and the facility of surface modification for biomolecular recognition, opening new opportunities for simple, accurate, and sensitive detection of biomarkers. This review shows the recent advances, properties, and potentialities of GDMs for developing robust biosensors. We show the main electrochemical and optical-sensing methods based on GDMs, as well as their design and manufacture in order to integrate them into robust, wearable, remote, and smart biosensors devices. We also describe the current application of such methods and technologies for the biosensing of chronic disease biomarkers. We also describe the current application of such methods and technologies for the biosensing of chronic disease biomarkers with improved sensitivity, reaching limits of detection from the nano to atto range concentration.

Advances in uremic toxin detection and monitoring in the management of chronic kidney disease progression to end-stage renal disease

“…In addition to the availability of suitable receptors, some key assay quality considerations include: (1) the process of labeling or conjugating specific molecules to the target analytes can be complex and require optimization. 78 (2) Tags or probes attached to target molecules may interfere with the Raman signals or change the interaction of the molecule with the SERS-active substrate, resulting in changes in signal intensity or specificity. 79,80 (3) Multiplexing capabilities may be limited due to spectral overlap or interference between labeled molecules.…”

A label- and enzyme-free fluorescence assay based on thioflavin T–induced G-quadruplexes for the detection of telomerase activity

“…Recently, graphene oxide (GO) has been widely used for the design of biosensors due to its distinctive physicochemical properties, such as large surface area, small size, amphiphilicity, and fluorescence-quenching ability. 28 More importantly, G-quadruplexes and i-motif structures are demonstrated to have weak affinity for GO due to the nucleobases in the structures being efficiently shielded within the negatively charged phosphate backbone, and the binding affinity difference between GO and diverse DNA structures has been utilized for DNA-based biosensors. 29,30 Considering the ability of GO to sensitively discriminate between single-stranded DNA and G-quadruplexes, as well as its super and universal fluorescence-quenching ability, it can be utilized as a ThT quencher in this study to further decrease the background fluorescence and to increase the SNR and sensitivity.…”

Adhesion States Greatly Affect Cellular Susceptibility to Graphene Oxide: Therapeutic Implications for Cancer Metastasis

“…Moreover, GO can be used against microbial and fungal growth and viral infection [12][13][14][15]. Furthermore, GO has raised considerable interest in the development of novel GO-based biosensors for clinical diagnosis [16,17].…”