Graphene‐based biosensors: methods, analysis and future perspectives

Abstract

Graphene (GN), a single layer two-dimensional structure nanomaterial, exhibits exceptional physical, electrical and chemical properties that lead to many applications from electronics to biomedicine. The unique parameters of GN, notably its considerable electron mobility, thermal conductivity, high surface area and electrical conductivity, are bringing heightened attention into biomedical applications. This study assesses the recent advances in GN-based biosensors and its derivatives in different areas to focus on glucose sensing, DNA sensing, drug and gene delivery, cancer therapy and other related biomedical applications (electrochemical sensors, tissue engineering, haemoglobin and cholesterol sensing), together with a brief discussion on challenges and future perspectives in this rapidly developing field. † Graphite powders are initially oxidised by chemical modification to be dispersed in solution † Large-scale production for bulk applications, i.e. supercapacitors, composite materials † Serious structural defects epitaxial growth † A conversion of SiC substrate to GN via sublimation of silicon atoms on the surface † Done at very high temperature (∼1300°C) † Accessibility is limited due to high-end equipment CVD growth GN † Most promising, inexpensive and feasible method for single-layer GN synthesis † Using transition metal (Ni, Cu, Si) substrates † Can be scaled up for large area GN production for practical applications IET Circuits Devices Syst., pp. 1-12 2 This is an open

Graphene-Enabled Electrodes for Electrocardiogram Monitoring

“…A number of different algorithms for synthesizing GN have been reported since first obtained in 2004 by Novoselov and Geim, including mechanical exfoliation, liquid-based exfoliation, epitaxial growth on silicon carbide, and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) growth GN on metal substrates such as silicon, nickel, and copper [15]. To fabricate a GN-enabled conductive electrode, we have used the CVD approach (Figure 1) for coating GN on top of a metallic substrate of the commercial ECG electrode.…”

“…The unique parameters of GN—which has notably the highest electron mobility (~200,000 cm 2 ·V −1 ·s −1 ), the highest thermal conductivity (5300 W·m −1 ·K −1 ), the highest surface area to volume ratio (2630 m 2 /g), the fastest moving electrons (~10 6 m/s), and is the best conductor of electricity (resistivity of 10 −6 Ω·cm) in any material—are bringing heightened attention into biomedical applications [15]. In this study, we fabricated a dry electrode by growing GN within copper (Cu) substrate on top of a silver (Ag) layer of a commercial ECG electrode using a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method.…”

Advances in Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposite for Biosensor Application

“…Accordingly, they comprise various types of biosensors mainly graphene-based DNA biosensors, graphene-based glucose biosensors, graphenebased Hb biosensors, graphene-based cholesterol biosensor, and graphene-based electrochemical biosensors, etc. [35].…”

Stamped multilayer graphene laminates for disposable in-field electrodes: application to electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose

“…Graphitic materials are stable at high temperatures, possess high tensile strength, are chemically inert, and are excellent conductors of both heat and electricity [7]. These characteristics make carbon-based materials promising candidates for electrochemical sensors, which require high conductivity to maximize sensitivity during electrochemical sensing [8,9].…”