Graphene-Based Environmental Sensors: Electrical and Optical Devices

Kitadai, Hikari; Meng, Yuedong; Ma, Yongqiang; Ling, Xi

doi:10.3390/molecules26082165

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Other changes on the surface can cause a Dirac point shift, such as light source variation. As a result of graphene's optical transparency, allowing up to 97.7% of light transmission in the visible range [7], its use in optical sensing Disclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions, and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions, or products referred to in the content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Cost Source Measure Unit (SMU) to Characterize Sensors Built on Graphene-Channel Field-Effect Transistors

Galanti,

Haidekker

2024

Preprint

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This study introduces a low-cost solution provided by a specialized source measure unit (SMU), offering an alternative to conventional source meter units. Through precise IV curve measurements for graphene-channel FETs, the SMU demonstrates its capability in accurately characterizing these devices with minimal noise and high accuracy. This cost-effective solution presents a promising avenue for researchers and developers seeking reliable tools for sensor development and characterization, providing valuable insights into the behavior of graphene-channel FETs and the effect of surface illumination without the need for expensive equipment. Additionally, the SMU was validated with known passive and active components, along with probe station integration for microscale connection, ensuring its effectiveness in capturing accurate measurements. The SMU’s focus on collecting IV curves, coupled with its ability to identify device defects, such as Schottky junctions, contributes to its utility in quality testing for semiconductor devices. Its low-cost nature makes it accessible for various research endeavors, enabling efficient data collection and analysis for graphene-based sensor applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Cost Source Measure Unit (SMU) to Characterize Sensors Built on Graphene-Channel Field-Effect Transistors

Galanti,

Haidekker

2024

Preprint

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“…Other changes on the surface can cause a Dirac point shift, such as light source variation. As a result of graphene’s optical transparency, allowing up to 97.7% of light transmission in the visible range [ 10 ], its use in optical sensing applications is prominent. Graphene-channel FETs can detect and measure photon flux, converting light intensity into electrical signals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Source Measure Unit (SMU) to Characterize Sensors Built on Graphene-Channel Field-Effect Transistors

Galanti,

Haidekker

2024

Sensors

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This study introduces a flexible and low-cost solution for a source measure unit (SMU), which is presented as an alternative to conventional source meter units and a blueprint for sensor FET drivers. An SMU collects current–voltage (I-V) curves with an additional variable voltage or current and is commonly used to characterize semiconductors. We present the hardware design, interfacing, and test results of our SMU. Specifically, we present representative I-V curve measurements for graphene-channel FETs to demonstrate the SMU’s capability to efficiently characterize these devices with minimal noise and sufficient accuracy. This cost-effective solution presents a promising avenue for researchers and developers seeking reliable tools for sensor development and characterization. We demonstrate, with the example of surface illumination, how the sensing behavior of graphene-channel FETs can be characterized without the need for expensive equipment. Additionally, the SMU was validated with known passive and active components, along with probe station integration for semiconductor die-scale connection. The SMU’s focus on collecting I-V curves, coupled with its ability to identify device defects, such as parasitic Schottky junctions or a failed oxide, contributes to its utility in quality testing for semiconductor devices. Its low-cost nature makes it accessible for various research endeavors, enabling efficient data collection and analysis for graphene-based and other nanomaterial-based sensor applications.

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“…Two-dimensional (2D) materials demonstrate immense potential as chemical sensors [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], in spintronics applications [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], and in other exotic applications [ 19 ] due to their vast surface-to-volume ratio, potent surface activity, and remarkable electrical conductivity. For instance, Muhmood et al enhanced the photoelectrocatalytic property of a g-C 3 N 4 (with a narrow bandgap)/GNP/AgBr heterojunction through collaborative efforts [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic ε-Phosphorene for Sensing Greenhouse Gas Molecules

Wang

et al. 2023

Molecules

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It is critical for gas sensors that sense greenhouse gas molecules to have both good sensitivity and selectivity for water molecules in the ambient environment. Here, we study the charge transfer, IV curves, and electric field tuning of vanadium-doped monolayer ϵ-phosphorene as a sensor for NO, NO2, and H2O gas molecules via first-principle and transport calculations. We find that the paramagnetic toxic molecules of NO and NO2 have a high adsorption energy on V-ϵ-phosphorene, which originates from a large amount of charge transfer driven by the hybridisation of the localised spin states of the host with the molecular frontier orbital. Using the non-equilibrium Green’s function, we investigate the IV responses with respect to the adsorption of different molecules to study the performance of gas molecule sensors. Our IV curves show a larger amount of changes in resistance of the paramagnetic NO and NO2 than nonmagnetic H2O gas molecules, suggesting both sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, our calculations show that an applied external electric field (gate voltage) can effectively tune the amount of charge transfer. More charge transfer makes the sensor more sensitive to the molecule, while less charge transfer can reduce the adsorption energy and remove the adsorbed molecules, allowing for the repeated use of the sensor.

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Graphene-Based Environmental Sensors: Electrical and Optical Devices

Cited by 13 publications

References 110 publications

Low Cost Source Measure Unit (SMU) to Characterize Sensors Built on Graphene-Channel Field-Effect Transistors

Low Cost Source Measure Unit (SMU) to Characterize Sensors Built on Graphene-Channel Field-Effect Transistors

Low-Cost Source Measure Unit (SMU) to Characterize Sensors Built on Graphene-Channel Field-Effect Transistors

Magnetic ε-Phosphorene for Sensing Greenhouse Gas Molecules

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