Graphene‐Based Heterostructure Composite Sensing Materials for Detection of Nitrogen‐Containing Harmful Gases

Abstract

Graphene-based heterostructure composite is a new type of advanced sensing material that includes composites of graphene with noble metals/ metal oxides/metal sulfides/polymers and organic ligands. Exerting the synergistic effect of graphene and noble metals/metal oxides/metal sulfides/polymers and organic ligands is a new way to design advanced gas sensors for nitrogen-containing gas species including NH 3 and NO 2 to solve the problems such as poor stability, high working temperature, poor recovery, and poor selectivity. Different fabrication methods of graphenebased heterostructure composite are extensively studied, enabling massive progress in developing chemiresistive-type sensors for detecting the nitrogen-containing gas species. With the components of noble metals/ metal oxides/metal sulfides/polymers and organic ligands which are composited with graphene, each material has its attractive and unique electrical properties. Consequently, the corresponding composite formed with graphene has different sensing characteristics. Furthermore, working ambient gas and response type can affect gas-sensitive characteristic parameters of graphene-based heterostructure composite sensing materials. Moreover, it requires particular attention in studying gas sensing mechanism of graphene-based heterostructure composite sensing materials for nitrogen-containing gas species. This review focuses on related scientific issues such as material synthesis methods, sensing performance, and gas sensing mechanism to discuss the technical challenges and several perspectives.

Guiding Graphene Derivatization for the On‐Chip Multisensor Arrays: From the Synthesis to the Theoretical Background

“…[ 2,8,9 ] Combined with the high surface‐to‐volume ratio and adjustability of the electronic structure via engineering of materials’ morphology and chemistry, [ 10 ] these advantageous features have promoted the appearance of a diverse set of miniaturized high‐performance gas sensors based on 2D materials, [ 6,11–13 ] especially graphene and graphene oxide (GO) as the most prominent representatives. [ 13–16 ]…”

“…[2,8,9] Combined with the high surface-to-volume ratio and adjustability of the electronic structure via engineering of materials' morphology and chemistry, [10] these advantageous features have promoted the appearance of a diverse set of miniaturized high-performance gas sensors based on 2D materials, [6,[11][12][13] especially graphene and graphene oxide (GO) as the most prominent representatives. [13][14][15][16] Engineering the physics and chemistry of 2D materials is a key to unlock the potential of the advanced e-nose technologies limited by the current semiconductor technologies. Herein, the adjustment of the graphene's morphology, physics, and gas sensing properties upon its carboxylation via the developed photochemical method is demonstrated.…”

Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Foams with “Greater Electron Transferring Areas” Deriving High Gas Sensitivity

“…NO 2 is one of the notorious toxic gases formed as a byproduct of burning fuel, which is bound up with acid rain, photochemical smog, and respiratory diseases. − Thus, it is very important to develop high-performance gas sensing materials for NO 2 sensors. Graphene possesses various outstanding characteristics, including high surface area and excellent electrical conductivity, which holds great potential to fabricate ultrasensitive gas sensors. , Nevertheless, pristine graphene usually exhibits unsatisfactory performance in practical gas sensing. , One reason is that the theoretical properties of graphene or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets are usually discounted due to the irreversible aggregation caused by interlaminar π–π interactions. , The electrical properties of graphene are dominated by three mechanisms: conversion of the sp 2 -hybridized state to sp 3 , quantum-capacitance-induced doping, and orbital hybridization . Functionalization of graphene refers to combining graphene with other molecules to expand its electrical applications.…”

“…Graphene possesses various outstanding characteristics, including high surface area and excellent electrical conductivity, which holds great potential to fabricate ultrasensitive gas sensors. 4,5 Nevertheless, pristine graphene usually exhibits unsatisfactory performance in practical gas sensing. 6,7 One reason is that the theoretical properties of graphene or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets are usually discounted due to the irreversible aggregation caused by interlaminar π−π interactions.…”

Recent Development of Hierarchical Metal Oxides Based Gas Sensors: From Gas Sensing Performance to Applications

“…Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the research results emerged in the past decade to follow the rapid development of hierarchical metal oxide-based sensing materials, and find the rules to design and synthesize metal oxides with higher sensing performance. In addition, several excellent reviews on gas sensing mechanism, [32] the detection of various gases, [33][34][35] the sensing materials with different dimensions, [36][37][38] gas sensors based on heterojunction, [39,40] semiconductors metal oxides based gas sensors, [41][42][43] and the applications of gas sensors [44][45][46] may further help to understand the present state of metal oxide-based gas sensors from different perspective. However, few of them focus on the diversity of the application environment of the gas sensors.…”