Graphene-Based Phosphorus-Doped Carbon as Anode Material for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Graphene‐based phosphorus‐doped carbon (GPC) is prepared through a facile and scalable thermal annealing method by triphenylphosphine and graphite oxide as precursor. The P atoms are successfully doped into few layer graphene with two forms of P–O and P–C bands. The GPC used as anode material for Na‐ion batteries delivers a high charge capacity 284.8 mAh g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1 after 60 cycles. Superior cycling performance is also shown at high charge−discharge rate: a stable charge capacity 145.6 mAh g−1 can be achieved at the current density of 500 mA g−1 after 600 cycles. The result demonstrates that the GPC electrode exhibits good electrochemical performance (higher reversible charge capacity, super rate capability, and long‐term cycling stability). The excellent electrochemical performance originated from the large interlayer distance, large amount of defects, vacancies, and active site caused by P atoms doping. The relationship of P atoms doping amount with the Na storage properties is also discussed. This superior sodium storage performance of GPC makes it as a promising alternative anode material for sodium‐ion batteries.

Progress and Prospects on the Fabrication of Graphene‐Based Nanostructures for Energy Storage, Energy Conversion and Biomedical Applications

“…[172,173] Dopants such as N, P and B on graphene have directly affected the kinetics of Na diffusion in SIBs. [174][175][176] In a notable work, Li et al proposed a new capacitive charge storage material (CCP): graphene-based nitrogen-doped carbon sandwich nanosheets (GÀ NCs), that showed high kinetics for Na ion diffusion and structural integrity. GÀ NCs were prepared via an in-situ polymerization technique followed by pyrolysis.…”

“…The defects associated with graphene is said to influence the adsorption of Na ions and its cyclability [172,173] . Dopants such as N, P and B on graphene have directly affected the kinetics of Na diffusion in SIBs [174–176] . In a notable work, Li et al .…”

Recent advances in graphene based materials as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries

“…Graphitic-N by forming three σ -bonds with neighbouring C carbon atoms imposes the n-doping effect, whereas pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N formed at defect sites, impose the p-doping effect. In addition, incorporation of heteroatoms such as oxygen (O) [117] , phosphorus (P) [118][119][120] , sulfur (S) [121][122][123] , fluorine (F) [124,125] , chlorine (Cl) [126][127][128] , bromine (Br) [127,129] , iodine (I) [125,130] and selenium (Se) [131] has also been reported in literature. Furthermore, hybrid materials with enhanced electrochemical properties can be produced by introducing transition metals like cobalt (Co) [132][133][134] , iron (Fe) [134][135][136] , nickel (Ni) [135] and chromium (Cr) [136] to the graphene matrix.…”

Dealloyed Nanoporous Materials for Rechargeable Post‐Lithium Batteries

“…Although the lower operating voltage enhances the stability of organic electrolytes, it also reduces cell energy density . Moreover, since certain materials in LIBs are difficult to sufficiently accommodate Na‐ion, serious distortion in the host lattice during the (de)sodiation process could ultimately cause electrode pulverization and cell failure . From these fundamental characteristics of SIBs, the development of new material systems as well as electrode engineering with large voids is crucial for Na‐ion diffusion and against volume expansion.…”