Graphene-Based Plasmonic Waveguides: a Mini Review

Saeed, Muhammad Saqib; Ghaffar, Abdul; Rehman, Sajjad Ur; Naz, Muhammad Yasin; Shukrullah, Shazia; Naqvi, Qaisar Abbas

doi:10.1007/s11468-021-01585-5

Cited by 22 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The optical conductivity (σ g ) of the graphene layer is modeled as the function of operating frequency (ω), electron-photon scattering rate (τ), chemical potential ( ) and temperature (T). The explicit expression based on the random phase approximation is given as 30 , 31 where ‘e’ denotes the electron charge, denotes a phenomenological carrier scattering rate which is energy independent. is the Fermi function, µc is the chemical potential (adjusted with a gate voltage), K B is Boltzmann’s constant, ℏ is reduced Planck constant and T is the ambient temperature 30 .…”

Section: Analytical Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally tunable electromagnetic surface waves supported by graphene loaded indium antimonide (InSb) interface

Yaqoob,

Ahamd,

Ghaffar

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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The thermal agitation plays a vital role in tunability of optoelectronic, structural and chemical characteristics of the temperature sensitive materials. Graphene enables the THz optics, due to its unprecedent controlling characteristics over the traditional materials. The influence of temperature on the monolayer graphene is very negligible due to its low free charge carrier density, to enhance the thermal sensitivity of graphene, the graphene loaded temperature sensitive material interface has been proposed. A theoretical analysis has been carried out on temperature dependent propagation characteristics of electromagnetic surface waves supported by the graphene loaded semi-infinite indium antimonide (InSb). The InSb has been taken as temperature sensitive material. The Drude model has been used for the modeling of InSb in the THz region while the modeling of the graphene has been done by random phase approximation-based Kubo’s formulism. To realize the graphene loaded indium antimonide interface, the impedance boundary conditions (IBCs) have been employed. The numerical analysis has been conducted to analyze the influence of temperature on the characteristics of electromagnetic surface waves i.e., dispersion curve, effective mode index (Neff), penetration depth (δ), propagation length (Lp), phase speed (Vp) and field profile, propagating along the graphene loaded InSb. In all the numerical results, the temperature variation has been considered from 200 to 350 K. It has been concluded that the graphene–InSb interface provides more temperature assisted tunability to the interfacial surface modes, commonly known as surface waves, as compared to monolayer graphene. Further, the graphene parameters can play a vital role in the dynamical tuning of electromagnetic surface waves in THz to IR frequency range. The numerically computed results have potential applications in designing of thermo-optical waveguides, temperature assisted communication devices, thermo-optical sensors and near field thermal imaging platforms.

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Section: Analytical Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally tunable electromagnetic surface waves supported by graphene loaded indium antimonide (InSb) interface

Yaqoob,

Ahamd,

Ghaffar

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…(3) Nanostructured devices are expected to bring more opportunities to improve the performances of OEICs with 2D materials. On the one hand, photonic/plasmonic waveguide devices with excellent capability to confine light at the nanoscale could be studied by using the plasmonic [220] or subwavelength devices [221]. On the other hand, patterned 2D-material nanostructures [222] could also be developed on the surface of waveguide devices for improving the strength and manner of the on-chip light confinement in 2D materials [223,224].…”

Section: Summary and Prospectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides working as photosensitive materials, many great efforts have been made to demonstrate that 2D materials could be outstanding heat-sensitive materials [241] and gas-sensitive materials [224,242,243]. Moreover, due to the unique advantages in exciting surface plasmon polaritons in mid-IR wavelengths and THz frequencies [220,244], selective molecular adsorption and Fermi level doping features [245], and fluorescence quenching [246], 2D materials are also used for the biochemical sensitization, enabling single-molecule detection based on optical methods [247]. Consequently, 2D-material heterogeneous OEICs are potential great candidates to develop high-performance biochemical sensors.…”

Section: Summary and Prospectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated optoelectronics with two-dimensional materials

Cheng¹,

Guo²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

NSO

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As we enter the post-Moore era, heterogeneous optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) are attracting significant attention as an alternative approach to scaling to smaller-sized transistors. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, offering a range of intriguing optoelectronic properties as semiconductors, semimetals, and insulators, provide great potential for developing nextgeneration heterogeneous OEICs. For instance, Fermi levels of 2D materials can be tuned by applying electrical voltages, while their atomically thin geometries are inherently suited for the fabrication of planar devices without suffering from lattice mismatch. Since the first graphene-on-silicon OEICs were demonstrated in 2011, 2D-material heterogeneous OEICs have significantly progressed. To date, researchers have a better understanding of the importance of interface states on the optical properties of chip-integrated 2D materials. Moreover, there has been impressive progress towards the use of 2D materials for waveguide-integrated lasers, modulators, and photodetectors. In this review, we summarize the history, status, and trend of integrated optoelectronics with 2D materials.

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“…In the infrared-to-terahertz frequency regime, graphene has properties similar to metals, and SPPs can be excited on its surface. Graphene-coated dielectric nanowires are a new type of surface plasmon waveguide that emerged in recent years [19]. A cylindrical dielectric nanowire coated with single-layer graphene was designed by Y. Gao et al The authors obtained a dispersion relationship of modes using a semi-analytical method, and the low-order modes supported by this waveguide were characterized [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Plasmon Waveguide Based on Nested Dielectric Parallel Nanowire Pairs Coated with Graphene

Yu,

Liu,

Xue

2024

Photonics

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A kind of surface plasmon waveguide composed of two nested cylindrical dielectric parallel nanowire pairs coated with graphene was designed and studied. The dependence of the mode characteristics and the normalized gradient force of the lowest two modes supported by the waveguide on the parameters involved were analyzed by using the multipole method. To ensure rigor, the finite element method was employed to verify the accuracy of the multipole method, thus confirming its results. The results show that the multipole method is a powerful tool for handling this type of waveguide. The real part of the effective refractive index, the propagation length, the figure of merit, and the normalized gradient force can be significantly affected by the operating wavelength, the Fermi energy of graphene, the waveguide geometric parameters, and the refractive index of the inner dielectric nanowire. Due to the employment of nested dielectric nanowire pairs coated with graphene, this waveguide structure exhibits significant gradient force that surpasses 100 nN·μm−1·mW−1. The observed phenomena can be attributed to the interaction of the field with graphene. This waveguide holds promising potential for applications in micro/nano integration, optical tweezers, and sensing technologies.

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Graphene-Based Plasmonic Waveguides: a Mini Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 58 publications

Thermally tunable electromagnetic surface waves supported by graphene loaded indium antimonide (InSb) interface

Thermally tunable electromagnetic surface waves supported by graphene loaded indium antimonide (InSb) interface

Integrated optoelectronics with two-dimensional materials

Surface Plasmon Waveguide Based on Nested Dielectric Parallel Nanowire Pairs Coated with Graphene

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