Graphene-based wearable sensors

Qiao, Yancong; Li, Xiaoshi; Hirtz, Thomas; Deng, Ge; Wei, Yuhong; Li, Mingrui; Ji, Shourui; Wu, Qi; Jian, Jinming; Wu, Fan; Shen, Yang; Tian, He; Yang, Yi; Ren, Tian‐Ling

doi:10.1039/c9nr05532k

Cited by 123 publications

(117 citation statements)

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“…CNTs, graphene or reduced graphene oxides (rGOs), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and 2D early-transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are emerging chemiresistors that can be used in artificial olfaction in the future. Because there have been many reviews on the sensing mechanisms and applications of gas sensors using CNTs, [448][449][450][451] graphene-based materials, [451][452][453][454][455][456][457][458][459][460][461] and TMDs, [452,458,[460][461][462][463] the main focus of this section will be placed on the control of gas selectivity and the design of artificial olfaction. The target gases and the operation temperatures of pristine, noble-metal-loaded, and metaloxide-loaded sensors using CNTs, graphene-based materials, and TMDs are analyzed based on recent publications in the literature (Figure 15) (sensors using graphene and rGO: publications since 2016, sensors using CNTs and TMDs: publications since 2010).…”

Section: Emerging Sensing Materials For Artificial Olfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, they commonly offer flexible sensor design (Figure 16) [464][465][466] and enable the operation of sensors at room or mildly heated temperatures, [45,467] which can open pathways for wearable sensors and artificial olfaction. [453,455,468] The key features of these emerging chemiresistors for artificial olfaction are discussed in the following sections.…”

Section: Emerging Sensing Materials For Artificial Olfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rational Design of Semiconductor‐Based Chemiresistors and their Libraries for Next‐Generation Artificial Olfaction

2020

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With rapid progress in device integration and computing power, the realization of highly miniaturized one-chip artificial olfaction with superior performance is close and should be further supported by the rational design of chemical sensors and chemical sensing materials. The number of gas sensors tends to increase in order to sniff more complex odors with the progress of civilization. This explains the evolution from a single chemical sensor to complicated artificial olfaction using sensor arrays. At the advent of oxide chemiresistive gas sensors in the 1960s and 1970s, a single gas sensor was widely used to detect toxic, explosive, dangerous, and harmful gases, such as CO, C 3 H 8 , CH 4 , H 2 S, and NO 2 , in a selective manner. [26,27] However, a single sensor is often insufficient for recognizing most of the natural odors encountered in daily life, which consist of hundreds to thousands of different chemicals. [28] In the mammalian olfactory system, odorants are initially detected by olfactory receptors (ORs) covering the surface of the cilia projected from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which are located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These signals are transmitted to the glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, where a high degree of signal integration happens (Figure 1a). [29] Finally, the signals are sent through mitral cells to a higher brain region (olfactory cortex), and the signals are subsequently combined or modified in a variety of ways by parallel processing for analysis and interpretation (Figure 1b). [30] Each OR can detect various kinds of odorants, and similarly, each odorant can also be recognized by a number of ORs. That is, the olfactory system determines multiple odorants from various combinations of ORs (Figure 1c). [31] For better olfaction, both OSNs and ORs should be abundant. A larger number of OSNs is advantageous for detecting trace concentrations of analytes and ligands. [32] For instance, dogs with more OSNs are better than humans at detecting explosives, searching and rescuing, diagnosing disease, and assessing agricultural products. [33] If a mammal can detect larger numbers of faint gas components within odors, he can perceive and identify the odors more accurately. From this perspective, gas sensors with lower detection limits would be assembled to the stronger artificial olfaction. Kinds of ORs are also important. Mammals are known to have ≈1000 different kinds of ORs, and combinations of dissimilar ORs enable the discrimination of a myriad of odorants. [29] To mimic this, sensor arrays consisting of small number (5-20) of sensors that show Artificial olfaction based on gas sensor arrays aims to substitute for, support, and surpass human olfaction. Like mammalian olfaction, a larger number of sensors and more signal processing are crucial for strengthening artificial olfaction. Due to rapid progress in computing capabilities and machinelearning algorithms, on-demand high-performance artificial olfaction that can eclipse human olfaction becomes inevitable onc...

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Section: Emerging Sensing Materials For Artificial Olfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Emerging Sensing Materials For Artificial Olfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational Design of Semiconductor‐Based Chemiresistors and their Libraries for Next‐Generation Artificial Olfaction

2020

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“…In fact, skin contact is one of the most relevant exposure routes to these materials, considering both an occupational scenario and specific ones related to skin applications of GBMs [ 8 , 9 ]. The latter consists of GBM-enriched devices used as biosensors, wearable soft bioelectronics and novel touchscreens, but can be represented also by GBM-enriched novel textiles, seat coatings and even new-generation condoms, among others [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. In this regard, we already characterized the in vitro toxic effects induced by short (24 h) and long (72 h) exposures to GBMs on skin HaCaT keratinocytes, a spontaneously immortalized non-tumor cell line that, resembling the functional properties of undifferentiated keratinocytes, is widely used as a screening tool to assess the mechanism of cutaneous toxicity [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial Reversibility of the Cytotoxic Effect Induced by Graphene-Based Materials in Skin Keratinocytes

et al. 2020

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In the frame of graphene-based material (GBM) hazard characterization, particular attention should be given to the cutaneous effects. Hence, this study investigates if HaCaT skin keratinocytes exposed to high concentrations of few-layer graphene (FLG) or partially dehydrated graphene oxide (d-GO) for a short time can recover from the cytotoxic insult, measured by means of cell viability, mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress, after GBM removal from the cell medium. When compared to 24 or 72 h continuous exposure, recovery experiments suggest that the cytotoxicity induced by 24 h exposure to GBM is only partially recovered after 48 h culture in GBM-free medium. This partial recovery, higher for FLG as compared to GO, is not mediated by autophagy and could be the consequence of GBM internalization into cells. The ability of GBMs to be internalized inside keratinocytes together with the partial reversibility of the cellular damage is important in assessing the risk associated with skin exposure to GBM-containing devices.

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“…During the nucleation and growth process, edge functionalization for graphene growth on noncatalytic surfaces may be required due to a higher edge growth rate being observed in 2D, which can be observed in TMD materials [60]. The LPE method is a versatile technology which was used to exploit 2D materials such as graphene, TMD, and h-BN from substrates [67][68][69]; these materials can then be applied into the large-scale production of 2D material-based devices. LPE can also be used to fabricate 2D material inks in different solvents [70][71][72], which reveals its great potential in flexible device fabrication.…”

Section: Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Memristive Non-Volatile Memory Based on Graphene Materials

Shen

Zhao

et al. 2020

Micromachines

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Resistive random access memory (RRAM), which is considered as one of the most promising next-generation non-volatile memory (NVM) devices and a representative of memristor technologies, demonstrated great potential in acting as an artificial synapse in the industry of neuromorphic systems and artificial intelligence (AI), due its advantages such as fast operation speed, low power consumption, and high device density. Graphene and related materials (GRMs), especially graphene oxide (GO), acting as active materials for RRAM devices, are considered as a promising alternative to other materials including metal oxides and perovskite materials. Herein, an overview of GRM-based RRAM devices is provided, with discussion about the properties of GRMs, main operation mechanisms for resistive switching (RS) behavior, figure of merit (FoM) summary, and prospect extension of GRM-based RRAM devices. With excellent physical and chemical advantages like intrinsic Young’s modulus (1.0 TPa), good tensile strength (130 GPa), excellent carrier mobility (2.0 × 105 cm2∙V−1∙s−1), and high thermal (5000 Wm−1∙K−1) and superior electrical conductivity (1.0 × 106 S∙m−1), GRMs can act as electrodes and resistive switching media in RRAM devices. In addition, the GRM-based interface between electrode and dielectric can have an effect on atomic diffusion limitation in dielectric and surface effect suppression. Immense amounts of concrete research indicate that GRMs might play a significant role in promoting the large-scale commercialization possibility of RRAM devices.

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Graphene-based wearable sensors

Abstract: Based on the good characteristics of graphene, many physiological signals can be detected by graphene sensors covering the human body. Graphene wearable sensors have great potential in healthcare and telemedicine.

Cited by 123 publications

References 196 publications

Rational Design of Semiconductor‐Based Chemiresistors and their Libraries for Next‐Generation Artificial Olfaction

Rational Design of Semiconductor‐Based Chemiresistors and their Libraries for Next‐Generation Artificial Olfaction

Partial Reversibility of the Cytotoxic Effect Induced by Graphene-Based Materials in Skin Keratinocytes

Memristive Non-Volatile Memory Based on Graphene Materials

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