Graphene Family of Nanomaterials: Reviewing Advanced Applications in Drug delivery and Medicine

Abstract

Graphene in nano form has proven to be one of the most remarkable materials. It has a single atom thick molecular structure and it possesses exceptional physical strength, electrical and electronic properties. Applications of the Graphene Family of Nanomaterials (GFNs) in different fields of therapy have emerged, including for targeted drug delivery in cancer, gene delivery, antimicrobial therapy, tissue engineering and more recently in more diseases including HIV. This review seeks to analyze current advances of potential applications of graphene and its family of nano-materials for drug delivery and other major biomedical purposes. Moreover, safety and toxicity are the major roadblocks preventing the use of GFNs in therapeutics. This review intends to analyze the safety and biocompatibility of GFNs along with the discussion on the latest techniques developed for toxicity reduction and biocompatibility enhancement of GFNs. This review seeks to evaluate how GFNs in future will serve as biocompatible and useful biomaterials in therapeutics.

Carbon-based antiviral nanomaterials: graphene, C-dots, and fullerenes. A perspective

“…GQDs can be obtained by thermal oxidation of graphene oxide, where epoxy and hydroxyl groups operate as cleavage sites and promote the cutting of GO into smaller fragments. 56 , 57 Mixtures of acids, e.g. nitric and sulphuric, are often employed for oxidative cleavage of graphitized carbon-based materials, although there are non-acidic alternatives such as oxone and H 2 O 2 .…”

CRISPR-Cas systems: Overview, innovations and applications in human disease research and gene therapy

“…Since all these delivery methods have both advantages and disadvantages, it’s necessary to design a complex of viral vectors and non-viral vectors, which combines the advantages of both vectors. Along with the deepening of research, various carriers could be modified by different methods to increase the delivery efficiency and reduce the toxicity [249] . In addition, more novel vectors, such as graphene and carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), could also be applied in the delivery of CRISPR-Cas components [250] , [251] .…”

Carbonaceous Nanomaterials Employed in the Development of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Screen-Printing Technique—A Review

“…Various GPH forms, like GO (GPH oxide), rGO (reduced GPH oxide), GNRs (GPH ribbons less than 50 nm in width) etc. have been obtained by processing CNTs [123][124][125]. GPH could also be functionalized by means of various materials, including metallic or metallic oxides nanoparticles, organic compounds, polymers, and biomolecules, in order to improve the sensing properties [126].…”