Graphene for batteries, supercapacitors and beyond

El‐Kady, Maher F.; Shao, Yuanlong; Kaner, Richard B.

doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2016.33

Cited by 1,042 publications

(581 citation statements)

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“…[ 6 ] Specifi cally with respect to the battery fi eld, a close analysis of the scientifi c literature reveals a struggle to meet the ambitious initial targets. A potential loss of focus from the fi nal application caused by hype and ease of publication on such a novel matter, together with the delivery of very misleading information [ 7,8 ] and erroneous statements [ 7 ] concerning the use of graphene in batteries are emerging as possible reasons of the ineffective graphene-era outburst. In this progress report, we do not focus on production and classifi cation of graphene and graphene-containing materials, which were already well reported in the past years.…”

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confidence: 99%

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

et al. 2016

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that its extraordinary properties would enable revolutionary new technologies, which gave birth to the "graphene era". [ 3,4 ] Relying on this scenario, in 2013, the European Union launched the ¤1 billion "Graphene Flagship" project aimed to investigate the properties of this new form of carbon for various applications (e.g., electronics, sensors and energy storage devices), with the ambitious goal of guiding graphene from laboratories to commercial applications within a decade. [ 5,6 ] In the same period, the Chinese Government set up a similar investment to mass-produce graphene as thin fi lms (e.g., for touchscreen electrodes) and platelets (e.g., for use in batteries). [ 6 ] In the following years, hundreds of patents, mainly focused on manufacturing and application in energy storage, were fi led and the worldwide production of graphene and graphene-containing materials rapidly increased. Although a few Chinese industries claimed to already use graphene-containing materials for smartphone production, no revolutionary practical application relying on graphene has been yet developed. [ 6 ] Specifi cally with respect to the battery fi eld, a close analysis of the scientifi c literature reveals a struggle to meet the ambitious initial targets. A potential loss of focus from the fi nal application caused by hype and ease of publication on such a novel matter, together with the delivery of very misleading information [ 7,8 ] and erroneous statements [ 7 ] concerning the use of graphene in batteries are emerging as possible reasons of the ineffective graphene-era outburst. In this progress report, we do not focus on production and classifi cation of graphene and graphene-containing materials, which were already well reported in the past years. [ 3,[9][10][11] In contrast, due to the lack of an exhaustive analysis of the progression of the use of such materials in lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, we report here a critical evaluation of the most prominent research papers published from 2008 until the end of 2015. As shown in Figure 1 , three different stages of the graphene research in LIB anodes can be distinguished: a fi rst stationary phase between 2008 and 2010 where the lithium-ion storage properties of different graphene and graphene-containing materials were preliminarily explored, a second exponential stage, spanning from 2010 to 2014, where graphene and graphene-containing anode materials were broadly developed and investigated, and fi nally, a third phase, (i.e., starting from 2015), where the research seems to have approached a plateau. After Used as a bare active material or component in hybrids, graphene has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Indeed, from the fi rst report that appeared in late July 2008, almost 1600 papers were published as of the end 2015 that investigated the properties of graphene as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Although an impressive amount of data has been collected, a real advance in the fi eld still seems to be missing. In this framework, atten...

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Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

et al. 2016

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“…Taking into account these characteristics, many practical applications of graphene have been proposed. The most promising are graphene-based touch screens, which will potentially replace indium-tin-oxide (ITO-) based screens in the future [4,5], batteries and supercapacitors [6][7][8], and composite materials [9,10]. Above that, a single atom thick graphene layer can effectively protect the underlying material against oxidation and/or corrosion [11,12].…”

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Local electronic properties of the graphene-protected giant Rashba-split BiAg2 surface

et al. 2017

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We report the preparation of an interface between graphene and a strong Rashba-split BiAg 2 surface alloy and an investigation of its structure as well as the electronic properties by means of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Upon evaluation of the quasiparticle interference patterns, an unperturbed linear dispersion for the π band of n-doped graphene is observed. Our results also reveal the intact nature of the giant Rashba-split surface states of the BiAg 2 alloy, which demonstrate only a moderate downward energy shift due to the presence of graphene. This effect is explained in the framework of density functional theory by an inward relaxation of the Bi atoms at the interface and subsequent delocalization of the wave function of the surface states. Our findings demonstrate a realistic pathway to prepare a graphene-protected giant Rashba-split BiAg 2 for possible spintronic applications. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.95.155428 Graphene has attracted much attention due to its unique transport, electronic, and elastic properties [1][2][3]. Taking into account these characteristics, many practical applications of graphene have been proposed. The most promising are graphene-based touch screens, which will potentially replace indium-tin-oxide (ITO-) based screens in the future [4,5], batteries and supercapacitors [6][7][8], and composite materials [9,10]. Above that, a single atom thick graphene layer can effectively protect the underlying material against oxidation and/or corrosion [11,12]. This property is particularly exciting when graphene is deposited or formed on the surface of a ferromagnet or a material which exhibits strong spin-orbit interaction [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Here, interfacial contact between graphene and the respective material might lead to the appearance of different new phenomena in graphene and at the interface, such as induced magnetism in graphene [20][21][22], possible induced spin-orbit splitting of the graphene π states [23,24], conservation of spin-polarized electron emission from the underlying ferromagnetic material [13,15], etc.Previously published works on the adsorption of graphene on the surfaces of heavy materials, such as Ir (111) and Au(111), demonstrate that such contacts only weakly modify the dispersion of the spin-orbit split surface states of the metal surface. Adsorption of graphene merely leads to a rigid shift of the respective surface states to smaller binding energies [16,25,26], which was explained by the stronger localization of the surface state wave function, leading to a corresponding energy shift. At the same time, the intercalation of Au in the graphene/Ni(111) interface leads to the appearance of induced spin-orbit splitting of the graphene π states (up to ≈100 meV) as a result of the hybridization of these states and valence band states of the underlying heavy metal [23,24]. Here, the energetically unfavorable model of diluted Au atoms underneath graphene on Ni (111) Here, we report the fabrication of ...

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“…First promising results to build such a device have been made using graphene, claiming that cars with such energy storage could be charged within one minute [38]. Flow batteries are batteries where the electrolytes (which contain the energy) are stored in tanks separately from the device that converts the chemical energy into electrical power.…”

Section: Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy in Times After the Energy Transition

Düren

2017

Understanding the Bigger Energy Picture

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The energy system can be divided into four categories: energy production, transport, storage and consumption. The proposed future configuration of these four categories is subject of this chapter and depicted in Box 3.1. The envisaged future energy system is structured as follows: Energy production will be done at the most cost-efficient places but also locally at the consumer side.A distribution network will connect all consumers and all small producers using an AC high voltage grid. In addition, a HVDC overlay network will connect distant centres of electricity consumption and/or production. A gas network will exist in parallel to allow for international trading and for special applications, e.g. for chemical industry and for fuel cell applications in mobility.A dual energy-storage system is needed: one system that has large (but cheap) capacity and one that has high efficiency. The highly efficient storage with limited capacity is needed to absorb daily fluctuations. A second, large-capacity storage is needed for seasonal storage. It may have low efficiency, as its cycle time is long, and it will be based on gas or other chemical fuels.The energy consumption is divided into the electricity, the mobility and the thermal sector. A load management system will allow for a central regulation of the electricity consumption, especially in the mobility and the heat sector. 46 3 Energy in Times After the Energy Transition

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Graphene for batteries, supercapacitors and beyond

Cited by 1,042 publications

References 119 publications

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

Local electronic properties of the graphene-protected giant Rashba-split BiAg2 surface

Energy in Times After the Energy Transition

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