Graphene Functionalization for Biosensor Applications

Printed, Flexible Lactate Sensors: Design Considerations Before Performing On-Body Measurements

“…The reference electrode must maintain a stable potential in varying ionic environments, while the counter electrode works to counter the redox reactions that occur on the surface of the working electrode by allowing current to pass between the counter and working electrodes. It is challenging to maintain a constant potential while supplying current to the working electrode, thus 2-electrode configurations are expected to show lower currents and linear ranges than their 3-electrode counterparts 37 . This is demonstrated in Fig.…”

“…Reference electrodes are typically composed of Ag/AgCl due to its ability to maintain a constant potential in varying ionic environments in addition to its ease of processing 36 . Counter electrodes and working electrode transducers are most commonly made of carbon, but may also be composed of gold, platinum and other inert metals which can be used to counter redox reactions 37,38 . The sensing layers on the working electrode transducer are fabricated using the enzyme lactate oxidase (LOX) immobilized in a polymer network, typically chitosan.…”

Exploring Graphene and MoS2 Chips Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors for Diagnostic Applications

“…Because this is a 2D material, each graphene atom can be considered a surface atom, and as a result, each atomic site can be involved in biomolecular interactions. This graphene feature can ultimately be responsible for the response of ultrasensitive sensors with the lowest detection capability to even one single molecule (Basu and Bhattacharyya, 2012 ; Guy and Walker, 2016 ). The use of pristine graphene has proved challenging because of difficult bottom-up synthesis (Smith et al, 2019 ), poor solubility (Yan, 2018 ), and agglomeration in solution due to van der Waals interactions (Skoda et al, 2014 ).…”

Prospects of pulsed amperometric detection in flow-based analytical systems - A review

“…This technique is different from cyclic voltammetry (CV), which is performed by cycling the potential of a working electrode and measuring the resulting current [18]. At the surface of the working electrode, the redox (reduction and oxidation) reactions of the analytes take place by the application of a potential where the output current is proportional to the analyte's concentration [7,19]. The mathematical expression that relates the amount of analyte oxidised or reduced at the working electrode surface to the resulting current is established according to Faraday's law (Equation 1) [7]:…”