Graphene in rubber formulations: a comprehensive review and performance optimization insights

Abstract

Graphene is widely incorporated into rubber matrices to enhance mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties in nanocomposites. However, its hydrophobicity and lack of functionalities cause agglomeration, impacting nanocomposite properties. Intense agitation...

Partial Replacement of Carbon Black with Graphene in Tire Compounds: Transport Properties, Thermal Stability and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

“…For the linear viscoelastic region, the energy loss factor W can be determined as: 𝑊 = 𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛δ 𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛δ + 1 (15) where tanδ is the dissipation factor. The volume of the constrained region Cv can be determined from the dynamic viscoelastic region by using the following equation: It can be observed that the height of the tanδ peak for compound 2 is comparatively lower than for the other compounds.…”

“…Graphene is highly conductive compared to carbon black, which means that it can reach percolation at lower concentrations, thereby being beneficial for applications requiring static charge dissipation and temperature management [13,14]. Due to its having much stronger mechanical properties, graphene can impart improved mechanical properties to the rubber formulation, especially regarding tensile strength and tear strength [15,16]. The flexibility of rubber formulations with graphene is higher than in those with carbon black [17][18][19].…”

“…The addition of 1 phr of nanofibers showed 47 and 160% improvement in tensile and tear strength, along with good rolling resistance (50% less) compared to formulation with carbon black alone. Shiva et al studied a series of formulations with varying loadings in a hybrid filler system of highly dispersible silica, alumina, and organoclay in SBR (85)/BR (15), keeping the carbon black content at 53 phr [31]. The thermal conductivity coefficient improved appreciably, which can help faster curing with sulfur.…”

Investigating The Effect of Various Parameters on The Yield of Graphene Obtained Through Graphite Exfoliation Using CO2 Supercritical Fluid

“…The response surface method is cost-effective and reliable for optimizing certain processes. This method decreases the number of required tests [24]. The Box Behnken test assessed the parameters affecting the response rate.…”

“…In the above articles, the tests were limited due to the long analysis time, large number of test steps, and high cost, and only 2 to 4 effective factors were studied. Still, in this article, all effective parameters in the synthesis of graphene are discussed and studied without limitations [23,24]. 3.…”