Graphene-interfaced flexible and stretchable micro–nano electrodes: from fabrication to sweat glucose detection

Abstract

Flexible and stretchable wearable electronic devices have received tremendous attention for their non-invasive and personal health monitoring applications. These devices have been fabricated by integrating flexible substrates and graphene nanostructures...

Cold-resistant, highly stretchable ionic conductive hydrogels for intelligent motion recognition in winter sports

“…applications in health monitoring, human motion detection, electronic skins, human-machine interfaces, soft robotics, and implantable biosensors. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] However, traditional sensing devices based on metals or semiconductors typically only perceive minor deformations with small strains and are usually accompanied by an inherent rigidity which affects wearing comfort. 8,9 In addition, the requirements for stretchability, transparency, mechanical durability, and biocompatibility of wearable sensor devices have increased for their practical applications.…”

Flexible Wearable Plasmonic Paper-Based Microfluidics with Expandable Channel and Adjustable Flow Rate for Portable Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sweat Sensing

“…The research on wearable sensors has achieved significant advancements in the field of human sweat-based health monitoring. − Currently, wearable sensors based on various detection methods, such as colorimetric, fluorescence, electrochemical, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques, have been developed for instant, continuous, noninvasive, and accurate detection of analytes in biological fluids. − By harnessing the noninvasive sweat transmission method, these sensors can reflect the physiological and pathological conditions of the human body. For instance, colorimetric and fluorescence methods, when combined with smartphones and applications, enable in situ sensing of various sweat components (lactate, glucose, chloride, and pH). , Wireless wearable electrochemical monitoring platforms have been developed for the long-term continuous analysis of multiple sweat biomarkers such as lactate, pH, vitamin, and tyrosine, which provide insights into the metabolic stressors and physiological responses to exercise. − However, colorimetric and fluorescence techniques exhibit significant limitations in long-term continuous monitoring, , while electrochemical techniques not only require intricate electrode design and complex circuitry , but also exhibit less composition information and poor anti-interference ability. , On the contrary, SERS can provide plentiful compositional information by virtue of the inherent molecular fingerprints of analytes and is basically insusceptible to external factors. , However, its application in human sensing has been less studied.…”

Graphene‐Based Enzymatic and Non‐Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensors: Review of Current Research and Advances in Nanotechnology

“…The enzymatic electrochemical sensors utilize certain enzymes as receptors for the quantification of glucose. [15] However, nanomaterials are also utilized in enzymatic biosensors to enhance the selectivity of glucose detection by increasing the electron transfer rate and surface area of an electrode. whereas, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors are composed of alloy, metal oxide, metal, conductive polymer graphene, carbon nanotubes and molecu-larly imprinted polymers.…”

“…The electrochemical biosensors are categorized as enzymatic and non‐enzymatic sensors. The enzymatic electrochemical sensors utilize certain enzymes as receptors for the quantification of glucose [15] . However, nanomaterials are also utilized in enzymatic biosensors to enhance the selectivity of glucose detection by increasing the electron transfer rate and surface area of an electrode.…”