2014
DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402574
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Graphene Oxide: An Efficient Acid Catalyst for Alcoholysis and Esterification Reactions

Abstract: Evidence is presented for graphene oxide (GO), prepared by modified Hummers method, as a highly active, selective and reusable solid-acid catalyst for the production of alkyl levulinates via alcoholysis or esterification. 95.5 % yield of ethyl levulinate was achieved by GO in furfuryl alcohol alcoholysis. Moreover, the surface SO 3 H groups were identified as the primary active sites, while the surface carboxyl groups worked synergistically to adsorb furfuryl alcohol.

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Cited by 89 publications
(71 citation statements)
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“…An alternate route involving ethanolysis of FAL is being explored which has generated renewed interest in EL synthesis, wherein high yield (>90%) of the levulinate product is reported 99 . In contrast, Fan and co-workers have suggested two parallel pathways involving both EMF and TEP as intermediates for EL synthesis 104 . Besides alkyl levulinates, side products and intermediates are known to be formed in this ethanolysis reaction affecting the selectivity.…”
Section: Synthesis Of El From Falmentioning
confidence: 93%
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“…An alternate route involving ethanolysis of FAL is being explored which has generated renewed interest in EL synthesis, wherein high yield (>90%) of the levulinate product is reported 99 . In contrast, Fan and co-workers have suggested two parallel pathways involving both EMF and TEP as intermediates for EL synthesis 104 . Besides alkyl levulinates, side products and intermediates are known to be formed in this ethanolysis reaction affecting the selectivity.…”
Section: Synthesis Of El From Falmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…3 (entries 2 & 3). Owing to their porous structure and high acidity, a variety of sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous catalysts, have been tested for EL synthesis in the ethanolysis reaction.Table-3 lists three such catalysts for which EL yields ranging from 80to 90% have been reported93,104,107 . For example low feed rates (WHSV >16gFAL/gcat/h) allowed greater time for ethanol to dehydrate to DEE and were measured to reduce the EL yield to lower than 60% for the reaction Published on 27 June 2016.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Currently, the utilization of solid acid as a catalyst of the reaction has attracted considerable interest due to environmental friendliness and easy separation from the reaction mixture for reuse. A series of efficient solid acid catalysts including acidic ion-exchange resin [16], organic-inorganic hybrid acid [17], porous aluminosilicate [18], propylsulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica [19], mesostructured zirconium-based mixed oxides [20], carbon and carbon-silica composites containing SO 3 H groups [21], graphene oxide [22], organosulfonic acid-functionalized organosilica hollow nanospheres [23], and hierarchical zeolite [24] have been successively developed. Beyond that, acidic ionic liquids were found to be efficient and reusable catalysts for the alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol to levulinate esters [6,25].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…23 As a result, these functionalities endow GO slightly acidic (pH 4.5 at 0.1 mg mL -1 ) and rather strong oxidizing properties. 24 To date, GO or rGO have been utilized as catalysts support, [25][26][27] solid acid, 28 oxidant, 15,29 chemical modified graphene (CMG) carbocatalyst used in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) [30][31][32][33] and acetylene, alkene hydrogenation . 34 It is believed that GO doping is a powerful strategy to modulate the electronic structure of sp 2 carbon material and introduce catalytically relevant active sites.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%